Elytony!!
Pash Allahun qe te ka kriju, a na e thua pak per din e iman, me ē'origjine je dhe sa vjet ke jetuar mes arabesh??!!
Mender ime!!
Elytony!!
Pash Allahun qe te ka kriju, a na e thua pak per din e iman, me ē'origjine je dhe sa vjet ke jetuar mes arabesh??!!
Mender ime!!
Jarigas
I nderuar Jarigas shqiptar jam me gjak e me shpirt dhe asnje vjet s'kam jetuar me arab.[Thjesht parapelqej argumentin].Postuar mė parė nga jarigas
Me nderime...
WTF !!!
mundesh thjesht te shkruash mirembrema ...
ke ngateruar forumin , nuk eshte forumi iraqiene ketu
Ndryshuar pėr herė tė fundit nga IllyrianPatriot : 20-07-2010 mė 11:41
Cfare eshte shkenza per ju?
Sa myslymane kane merituar dhe kane marre cmimin Nobel per fiziken, per mjekesine, per kimiken, per biologjine...?
Me nderime.
Torrkerry
Ka sjelle dikush ato postimet sa kan Muslimanet ne krahasim me Hebrejt eshte pa se cili ka tru ma shum por kta refuzojn duke thene qka na duhet shkenca qafirve dhe filozofija tyre i qesin posht duke then qe kan shkencen kuranore dhe filozofin kuranore
O sjelli argumentet o insan!
I nderuar!
Nga shkrimet e tua, duket sikur kemi te bejme me nje robot qe e ka mesuar shqipen ne Forumin Mysliman.....
[fresko pak dijet e tua mbi domethenjen e argumentit!]
Jarigas
O Transmetues ku'rani
Mos ja bo vetit zi perpara po lexo pak e kqyr qka po ndodh n bot se ato qe lexon n'kuran ti munesh mi perdor mi kallxu thmive kur bojn sherr per mi tut e realiteti o kyArab/Islamic Nobel Prize Winners
From a pool of 1.4 BILLION Muslims which are 20% of the world's population (2 out of every 10 people)
Literature
1988 - Najib Mahfooz
Peace
1978 - Anwar El-Sadat
1994 - Yasser Arafat *
2003 - Shirin Ebadi
Chemistry
1999 - Ahmed Zewail
Physics
Abdus Salam
* NOTE: Norwegian, Kaare Kristiansen, was a member of the Nobel Committee. He resigned in 1994 to protest the awarding of a Nobel "Peace Prize" to Yasser Arafat, whom he correctly labeled a "terrorist."
Jewish Nobel Prize Winners
From a pool of 12 million Jews which are 0.2% of the World's Population (2 out of every 1,000 people)
Literature
1910 - Paul Heyse
1927 - Henri Bergson
1958 - Boris Pasternak
1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon
1966 - Nelly Sachs
1976 - Saul Bellow
1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer
1981 - Elias Canetti
1987 - Joseph Brodsky
1991 - Nadine Gordimer
2002 - Imre Kertesz
World Peace
1911 - Alfred Fried
1911 - Tobias Asser
1968 - Rene Cassin
1973 - Henry Kissinger
1978 - Menachem Begin
1986 - Elie Wiesel
1994 - Shimon Peres
1994 - Yitzhak Rabin
1995 - Joseph Rotblat
Chemistry
1905 - Adolph Von Baeyer
1906 - Henri Moissan
1910 - Otto Wallach
1915 - Richard Willstaetter
1918 - Fritz Haber
1943 - George Charles de Hevesy
1961 - Melvin Calvin
1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz
1972 - William Howard Stein
1972 - C.B. Anfinsen
1977 - Ilya Prigogine
1979 - Herbert Charles Brown
1980 - Paul Berg
1980 - Walter Gilbert
1981 - Ronald Hoffmann
1982 - Aaron Klug
1985 - Herbert A. Hauptman
1985 - Jerome Karle
1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach
1988 - Robert Huber
1989 - Sidney Altman
1992 - Rudolph Marcus
1998 - Walter Kohn
2000 - Alan J. Heeger
2004 - Irwin Rose
2004 - Avram Hershko
2004 - Aaron Ciechanover
Economics
1970 - Paul Anthony Samuelson
1971 - Simon Kuznets
1972 - Kenneth Joseph Arrow
1973 - Wassily Leontief
1975 - Leonid Kantorovich
1976 - Milton Friedman
1978 - Herbert A. Simon
1980 - Lawrence Robert Klein
1985 - Franco Modigliani
1987 - Robert M. Solow
1990 - Harry Markowitz
1990 - Merton Miller
1992 - Gary Becker
1993 - Rober Fogel
1994 - John Harsanyi
1994 - Reinhard Selten
1997 - Robert Merton
1997 - Myron Scholes
2001 - George Akerlof
2001 - Joseph Stiglitz
2002 - Daniel Kahneman
2005 - Robert (Israel) Aumann
Medicine
1908 - Elie Metchnikoff
1908 - Paul Erlich
1914 - Robert Barany
1922 - Otto Meyerhof
1930 - Karl Landsteiner
1931 - Otto Warburg
1936 - Otto Loewi
1944 - Joseph Erlanger
1944 - Herbert Spencer Gasser
1945 - Ernst Boris Chain
1946 - Hermann Joseph Muller
1950 - Tadeus Reichstein
1952 - Selman Abraham Waksman
1953 - Hans Krebs
1953 - Fritz Albert Lipmann
1958 - Joshua Lederberg
1959 - Arthur Kornberg
1964 - Konrad Bloch
1965 - Francois Jacob
1965 - Andre Lwoff
1967 - George Wald
1968 - Marshall W. Nirenberg
1969 - Salvador Luria
1970 - Julius Axelrod
1970 - Sir Bernard Katz
1972 - Gerald Maurice Edelman
1975 - David Baltimore
1975 - Howard Martin Temin
1976 - Baruch S. Blumberg
1977 - Rosalyn Sussman Yalow
1977 - Andrew V. Schally
1978 - Daniel Nathans
1980 - Baruj Benacerraf
1984 - Cesar Milstein
1985 - Michael Stuart Brown
1985 - Joseph L. Goldstein
1986 - Stanley Cohen [& Rita Levi-Montalcini]
1988 - Gertrude Elion
1989 - Harold Varmus
1991 - Erwin Neher
1991 - Bert Sakmann
1993 - Richard J. Roberts
1993 - Phillip Sharp
1994 - Alfred Gilman
1994 - Martin Rodbell
1995 - Edward B. Lewis
1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner
1998 - Robert F. Furchgott
2000 - Eric R. Kandel
2002 - Sydney Brenner
2002 - Robert H. Horvitz
Physics
1907 - Albert Abraham Michelson
1908 - Gabriel Lippmann
1921 - Albert Einstein
1922 - Niels Bohr
1925 - James Franck
1925 - Gustav Hertz
1943 - Gustav Stern
1944 - Isidor Issac Rabi
1945 - Wolfgang Pauli
1952 - Felix Bloch
1954 - Max Born
1958 - Igor Tamm
1958 - Il'ja Mikhailovich
1958 - Igor Yevgenyevich
1959 - Emilio Segre
1960 - Donald A. Glaser
1961 - Robert Hofstadter
1962 - Lev Davidovich Landau
1963 - Eugene P. Wigner
1965 - Richard Phillips Feynman
1965 - Julian Schwinger
1967 - Hans Albrecht Bethe
1969 - Murray Gell-Mann
1971 - Dennis Gabor
1972 - Leon N. Cooper
1973 - Brian David Josephson
1975 - Benjamin Mottleson
1976 - Burton Richter
1978 - Arno Allan Penzias
1978 - Peter L Kapitza
1979 - Stephen Weinberg
1979 - Sheldon Glashow
1988 - Leon Lederman
1988 - Melvin Schwartz
1988 - Jack Steinberger
1990 - Jerome Friedman
1992 - Georges Charpak
1995 - Martin Perl
1995 - Frederick Reines
1996 - David M. Lee
1996 - Douglas D. Osheroff
1997 - Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
2000 - Zhores I. Alferov
2003 - Vitaly Ginsburg
2003 - Alexei Abrikosov
prej 12 13 miljon sa jon Hebrej krejt kunder me miljarda Islam kqyr cilt kan ma shum....
veq mos thuj kta sdin sen se se kan argument kuranin e aj i din tonat se t'qojm ne Potokalli lol
Dhe kjo edhte pjesa me domethenese:"Arafat eshte babai i kamikazeve islamike dhe si i tille eshte terrorist kryekeput!!Plus qe eshte faktori paresor i kundershtimit te paqes mes dy shteteve sionist-palestinez."* NOTE: Norwegian, Kaare Kristiansen, was a member of the Nobel Committee. He resigned in 1994 to protest the awarding of a Nobel "Peace Prize" to Yasser Arafat, whom he correctly labeled a "terrorist."
Jarigas
List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJump to: navigation, search
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel.The Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Swedish: Nobelpriset i kemi) is awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences to scientists in the various fields of chemistry. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] The first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 1901 to Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, of the Netherlands. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, van 't Hoff received 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the prize was awarded to Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie and Roger Y. Tsien, who shared the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).[4] The award is presented in Stockholm at an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
At least 25 laureates have received the Nobel Prize for contributions in the field of organic chemistry, more than any other field of chemistry.[6] Two winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Germans Richard Kuhn (1938) and Adolf Butenandt (1939), were not allowed by their government to accept the prize. They would later receive a medal and diploma, but not the money. Frederick Sanger is the only laureate to win the prize twice, in 1958 and 1980. Two others also won Nobel Prizes in other subjects: Marie Curie (physics in 1903, chemistry in 1911) and Linus Carl Pauling (chemistry in 1954, peace in 1962).[7] Four women have won the prize: Marie Curie, Irčne Joliot-Curie (1935), Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1964), and Ada E. Yonath (2009).[8] As of 2009, the prize has been awarded to 156 individuals. There have been eight years in which the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was not awarded.
Contents [hide]
1 Laureates
2 See also
3 References and notes
4 External links
[edit] Laureates
Year Laureate[A] Country[B] Rationale[C]
1901 Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff the Netherlands "[for his] discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"[9]
1902 Hermann Emil Fischer Germany "[for] his work on sugar and purine syntheses"[10]
1903 Svante August Arrhenius Sweden "[for] his electrolytic theory of dissociation"[11]
1904 Sir William Ramsay United Kingdom "[for his] discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"[12]
1905 Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer Germany "[for] the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"[13]
1906 Henri Moissan France "[for his] investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace called after him"[14]
1907 Eduard Buchner Germany "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"[15]
1908 Ernest Rutherford United Kingdom
New Zealand "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"[16]
1909 Wilhelm Ostwald Germany "[for] his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"[17]
1910 Otto Wallach Germany "[for] his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"[18]
1911 Marie Curie, née Sklodowska France "[for] the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"[19]
1912 Victor Grignard France "for the discovery of the [...] Grignard reagent"[20]
Paul Sabatier France "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals"[20]
1913 Alfred Werner Switzerland "[for] his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules [...] especially in inorganic chemistry"[21]
1914 Theodore William Richards United States "[for] his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"[22]
1915 Richard Martin Willstätter Germany "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"[23]
1916 Not awarded
1917 Not awarded
1918 Fritz Haber Germany "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"[24]
1919 Not awarded
1920 Walther Hermann Nernst Germany "[for] his work in thermochemistry"[25]
1921 Frederick Soddy United Kingdom "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"[26]
1922 Francis William Aston United Kingdom "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"[27]
1923 Fritz Pregl Austria "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"[28]
1924 Not awarded
1925 Richard Adolf Zsigmondy Germany / Hungary "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used"[29]
1926 The (Theodor) Svedberg Sweden "for his work on disperse systems"[30]
1927 Heinrich Otto Wieland Germany "for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"[31]
1928 Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus Germany "[for] his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"[32]
1929 Arthur Harden United Kingdom "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"[33]
Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin Germany
1930 Hans Fischer Germany "for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"[34]
1931 Carl Bosch Germany "[for] their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"[35]
Friedrich Bergius Germany
1932 Irving Langmuir United States "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"[36]
1933 Not awarded
1934 Harold Clayton Urey United States "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"[37]
1935 Frédéric Joliot France "[for] their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[38]
Irčne Joliot-Curie France
1936 Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye the Netherlands "[for his work on] molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"[39]
1937 Walter Norman Haworth United Kingdom "for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"[40]
Paul Karrer Switzerland "for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
1938 Richard Kuhn Germany "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"[41]
1939 Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt Germany "for his work on sex hormones"[42]
Leopold Ruzicka Switzerland "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"[42]
1940 Not awarded
1941 Not awarded
1942 Not awarded
1943 George de Hevesy Hungary "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"[43]
1944 Otto Hahn Germany "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"[44]
1945 Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Finland "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"[45]
1946 James Batcheller Sumner United States "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"[46]
John Howard Northrop United States "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"[46]
Wendell Meredith Stanley United States
1947 Sir Robert Robinson United Kingdom "for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"[47]
1948 Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius Sweden "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"[48]
1949 William Francis Giauque United States "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"[49]
1950 Otto Paul Hermann Diels Federal Republic of Germany "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"[50]
Kurt Alder Federal Republic of Germany
1951 Edwin Mattison McMillan United States "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements"[51]
Glenn Theodore Seaborg United States
1952 Archer John Porter Martin United Kingdom "for their invention of partition chromatography"[52]
Richard Laurence Millington Synge United Kingdom
1953 Hermann Staudinger Federal Republic of Germany "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"[53]
1954 Linus Carl Pauling United States "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"[54]
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud United States "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"[55]
1956 Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood United Kingdom "for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"[56]
Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov USSR
1957 Lord (Alexander R.) Todd United Kingdom "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"[57]
1958 Frederick Sanger United Kingdom "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"[58]
1959 Jaroslav Heyrovskż Czechoslovakia "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"[59]
1960 Willard Frank Libby United States "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"[60]
1961 Melvin Calvin United States "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"[61]
1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz United Kingdom "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"[62]
John Cowdery Kendrew United Kingdom
1963 Karl Ziegler Federal Republic of Germany "for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"[63]
Giulio Natta Italy
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[64]
1965 Robert Burns Woodward United States "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"[65]
1966 Robert S. Mulliken United States "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"[66]
1967 Manfred Eigen Federal Republic of Germany "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"[67]
Ronald George Wreyford Norrish United Kingdom
George Porter United Kingdom
1968 Lars Onsager United States "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"[68]
1969 Derek H. R. Barton United Kingdom "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"[69]
Odd Hassel Norway
1970 Luis F. Leloir Argentina "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"[70]
1971 Gerhard Herzberg Canada "for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"[71]
1972 Christian B. Anfinsen United States "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"[72]
Stanford Moore United States "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"[72]
William H. Stein United States
1973 Ernst Otto Fischer Federal Republic of Germany "for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"[73]
Geoffrey Wilkinson United Kingdom
1974 Paul J. Flory United States "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules"[74]
1975 John Warcup Cornforth Australia
United Kingdom "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"[75]
Vladimir Prelog Switzerland "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"[75]
1976 William N. Lipscomb United States "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"[76]
1977 Ilya Prigogine Belgium "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"[77]
1978 Peter D. Mitchell United Kingdom "for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"[78]
1979 Herbert C. Brown United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"[79]
Georg Wittig Federal Republic of Germany
1980 Paul Berg United States "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"[80]
Walter Gilbert United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"[80]
Frederick Sanger United Kingdom
1981 Kenichi Fukui Japan "for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"[81]
Roald Hoffmann United States
1982 Aaron Klug United Kingdom "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"[82]
1983 Henry Taube United States "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"[83]
1984 Robert Bruce Merrifield United States "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"[84]
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman United States "for their outstanding achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"[85]
Jerome Karle United States
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach United States "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"[86]
Yuan T. Lee United States
John C. Polanyi Canada / Hungary
1987 Donald J. Cram United States "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"[87]
Jean-Marie Lehn France
Charles J. Pedersen United States
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Federal Republic of Germany "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"[88]
Robert Huber Federal Republic of Germany
Hartmut Michel Federal Republic of Germany
1989 Sidney Altman Canada
United States "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"[89]
Thomas R. Cech United States
1990 Elias James Corey United States "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"[90]
1991 Richard R. Ernst Switzerland "for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"[91]
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus United States "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"[92]
1993 Kary B. Mullis United States "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"[93]
Michael Smith Canada "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry [...] for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"[93]
1994 George A. Olah United States / Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"[94]
1995 Paul J. Crutzen the Netherlands "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"[95]
Mario J. Molina United States
F. Sherwood Rowland United States
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. United States "for their discovery of fullerenes"[96]
Sir Harold W. Kroto United Kingdom
Richard E. Smalley United States
1997 Paul D. Boyer United States "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"[97]
John E. Walker United Kingdom
Jens C. Skou Denmark "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"[97]
1998 Walter Kohn United States "for his development of the density-functional theory"[98]
John A. Pople United Kingdom "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"[98]
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Egypt
United States "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"[99]
2000 Alan J. Heeger United States "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers"[100]
Alan G MacDiarmid United States
New Zealand
Hideki Shirakawa Japan
2001 William S. Knowles United States "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"[101]
Ryoji Noyori Japan
K. Barry Sharpless United States "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"[101]
2002 John B. Fenn United States "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"[102]
Koichi Tanaka Japan
Kurt Wüthrich Switzerland "for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules [...] for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"[102]
2003 Peter Agre United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for the discovery of water channels"[103]
Roderick MacKinnon United States "for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes [...] for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"[103]
2004 Aaron Ciechanover Israel "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"[104]
Avram Hershko Israel
Irwin Rose United States
2005 Yves Chauvin France "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"[105]
Robert H. Grubbs United States
Richard R. Schrock United States
2006 Roger D. Kornberg United States "for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"[106]
2007 Gerhard Ertl Germany "for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"[107]
2008 Osamu Shimomura United States[108] "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"[109]
Martin Chalfie United States
Roger Y. Tsien United States
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan United Kingdom "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"[110]
Thomas A. Steitz United States
Ada E. Yonath Israel
Me duket qe nuk ka nje myslyman. Arsyeja: Shkenca moderna ka nevoje pėr tė lulėzuar pėr lirinė e mendimit, qė nuk lejohet nė Islamin. (Nga njė postim i Mjekėsisė).
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