BARAT,
kam nje pyetje lidhur me postimet 3-5, 8-14: a jane ato punim i yti, apo jane shkeputur nga ndonje material i gatshem?
BARAT,
kam nje pyetje lidhur me postimet 3-5, 8-14: a jane ato punim i yti, apo jane shkeputur nga ndonje material i gatshem?
Lutja pėr ēamėt, zhgėnjen Janullatos
Krerėt e tre komuniteteve fetare kėndojnė vargjet e Kuranit dhe Biblės. Shpėtim Idrizi: Karrigia bosh e Kryepeshkopit flet vetė
Pėrshpirtja pėr ēamėt e masakruar nga gjenocidi grek ėshtė kryer, madje pa e ndier mungesėn e kryepeshkopit Janullatos. Karrigia e tij ka mbetur bosh, por fjalėt e shenjta tė Biblės dhe Kuranit kanė mbushur sallėn dhe zemrat e tė gjallėve qė luteshin pėr tė afėrmit e tyre, flitė e dhunės dhe tėrbimit grek tė qershorit tė vitit 1945. Lutjet e shenjta janė kėnduar dje, nga tė tre pėrfaqėsuesit kryesorė tė komuniteteve mė tė mėdha fetare nė vend. Kreu i Komunitetit Mysliman, Haxhi Selim Muēa, kryeipeshkvi Imzot Rrok Mirdita, si dhe Kryegjyshi Botėror i Bektashinjve, Haxhi Dedė Reshat Bardhi, i janė pėrgjigjur pozitivisht dhe pa hezitim ftesės pėr mbajtjen e kėsaj ceremonie tė pėrbashkėt fetare e para nė llojin e vet nė Shqipėri. Ata janė lutur dhe kanė pėrkujtuar viktimat e popullsisė ēame, duke lėnė pas paragjykimet e stisura pėr lidhje politike mbi kėtė ēėshtje.
Vetėm njė ditė mė parė, Sinodi i Shenjtė i Kishės Ortodokse Autoqefale tė Shqipėrisė hodhi poshtė kėrkesėn e komunitetit ēam
pėr kėtė lutje ndėrfetare. Pretendimi i ngritur prej tyre pėr kėtė refuzim, qė t‘u kėndohej me lutje tė shenjta tė vdekurve, ishte "mospėrzierja direkt ose indirekt nė ēėshtje politike tė brendshme apo tė jashtme". Por duket se kryepeshkopi Janullatus edhe nė kėtė rast "u vetėsakrifikua" pikėrisht prej politikės. Ai vendosi tė zhveshė petkun e tij fetar, pėr hir tė ēėshtjes sė pazgjidhur ēame, qė ngre karta ende tė panegociueshme nė dialogun politik shqiptar dhe grek. E pavarėsisht kėtij "vetėflijimi kundėr porosive tė partive dhe urdhrave tė politikanėve", kreu grek i Kishės Ortodokse Autoqefale tė Shqipėrisė ėshtė ftuar sėrish nga pėrfaqėsuesit e shoqatės "Ēamėria" dhe ata tė Partisė pėr Drejtėsi dhe Integrim qė tė mbajė njė meshė tė veēantė pėr shpirtrat e viktimave tė pafajshme tė lakmisė sė fqinjėve. Kryetari i PDI-sė, Tahir Muhedini, dhe kryetari i shoqatės ēame, Adrian Tana, kanė ripėrsėritur dje, publikisht kėrkesėn pėr Kishėn Ortodokse Autoqefale qė nė mungesė tė njė lutjeje ndėrfetare tė pėrkujtojnė nė ambientet e tyre shpirtin e mijėra ēamėve qė u therėn, masakruan dhe vdiqėn gjatė rrugėtimit tė mundimshėm tė 62 viteve mė parė.
Nė lutjen ndėrfetare tė mbajtur dje, nuk kanė munguar pėrveē pėrfaqėsuesve tė komunitetit ēam nė Shqipėri edhe njė numėr i konsiderueshėm politikanėsh e deputetėsh tė Kuvendit tė Shqipėrisė, prezenca e tė cilėve duket se nuk e ka ngjyrosur aspak politikisht kėtė pėrshpirtje pėr tė ndjerėt. Ilir Meta, kryetar i LSI-sė, vetėm pas pėrmbylljes sė kėsaj ceremonie u shpreh se ky ėshtė njė aktivitet i rėndėsishėm qė i kushtohet mijėra viktimave ēame. "Shpreh solidaritetin tim mė tė thellė politik ndaj gjithė komunitetit ēam nė Shqipėri dhe dua t‘i siguroj se Lėvizja pėr Integrim do tė angazhohet nė zgjidhjen e kėsaj ēėshtjeje qė lidhet me tė drejtat themelore tė njeriut". "Tragjedia, qė i ka ndodhur popullsisė ēame, vijoi Meta, ėshtė nga mė tė rėndat nė Ballkan", duke theksuar se nė programin politik tė kėsaj partie ajo zė njė vend tė veēantė. Nga ana tjetėr, drejtuesit e komunitetit ēam deklaruan se nė datėn 27 qershor do tė hapet njė ekspozitė me foto, qė sipas tyre pasqyron gjenocidin grek kundėr popullsisė ēame. Kjo kujtesė fotografike do tė prezantohet nė Muzeun Historik Kombėtar. Ndėrsa nuk munguan edhe pėrshėndetjet e tyre pėr prezencėn e tė tre pėrfaqėsuesve mė tė lartė tė besimeve fetare nė vend.
Kėshilli ndėrfetar
Janullatos shkel premtimin
Disa muaj mė parė e pikėrisht mė 27 shkurt 2007, tė katėrt pėrfaqėsuesit e komuniteteve fetare mė tė mėdha nė vend ranė dakord qė tė shugurojnė nismėn pėr krijimin e njė kėshilli ndėrfetar nė vend. Nė simpoziumin "Harmonia dhe dialogu fetar" krerėt e besimit mysliman, ortodoks, katolik dhe bektashi mbėshtetėn plotėsisht krijimin e kėtij forumi. Kreu i Kishės Ortodokse Autoqefale, kryepeshkopi Anastas, e vlerėsoi atėherė kėtė strukturė, si njė ndihmesė nė forcimin e zėrit tė komuniteteve fetare nė jetėn publike tė vendit dhe si
njė model tė bashkekzistencės fetare. Sipas tij, ajo do tė nxiste bashkėpunim harmonik nė mbarė Ballkanin. Por nga ana tjetėr, rasti i pėrshpirtjes sė djeshme pėr ēamėt, viktima tė dhunės greke, shėnoi rastin e parė tė ēarjes mes komuniteteve fetare nė gati dy dekada besim tė lirė. Kreu grek i ortodoksisė nė Shqipėri mungoi nė mėnyrė tė vetėdijshme, duke shkelur njėkohėsisht premtimin pėr bashkėpunimin nė kuadėr tė kėtij kėshilli ndėrfetar, por edhe deklaratat e tij pėr nxitjen e njė modeli tė bashkekzistencės fetare.
Pėrfaqėsuesi i komunitetit ēam, deputet nė Kuvendin e Shqipėrisė Shpėtim Idrizi: "Ishte lutje, jo urdhėr"
Sa mirė qė Janullatos nuk merret me politikė
Deputeti socialist, Shpėtim Idrizi, njėkohėsit pėrfaqėsuesi i parė i komunitetit ēam nė Shqipėri, qė kėrkoi mbajtjen e njė lutje ndėrfetare pėr viktimat e gjenocidit grek ka shprehur opinionin e tij lidhur me pėrshpirtjen e mbajtur dje, dhe mungesėn e kreut tė Kishės Ortodokse Autoqefale nė kėtė ceremoni. "Aty ishte njė karrige bosh, qė flet vetė, megjithėse shpirtrat e viktimave u ndien mė tė lehtėsuar nga lutjet e klerikėve tė lartė dhe referimeve nga Kurani dhe Bibla", shprehet Idrizi duke shtuar se "uroj dhe shpresoj qė hirėsia e tij, Janullatos, si kryetar i Kishės Ortodokse Autoqefale Shqiptare t‘u bashkėngjitet 3 klerikėve tė lartė dhe duke respektuar rregullat kanonike tė kėsaj kishe ta bėjė meshėn nė ambientet e ortodoksisė". Lidhur me deklaratėn e Janullatosit dhe Sinodit tė Shenjtė ortodoks se "kisha nuk merret me politikė dhe nuk merr urdhra nga salla e Parlamentit", deputeti ēam, Shpėtim Idrizi, i pėrgjigjet me njė falėnderim. "Pėrshėndes deklaratėn e Janullatosit, qė kisha nuk merret me politikė dhe uroj qė ashtu si dhe pėr tė gjithė klerikėt, kjo tė jetė e vėrtetė", shprehet ai, duke sqaruar mė pas se "unė i jam drejtuar Hirėsisė sė Tij, si anėtar i komunitetit ēam. Idrizi mohon krejtėsisht, duke pėrmendur edhe respektin ndaj Kishės Ortodokse, se nuk ka pėrdorur "me urdhėr", por ka bėrė njė lutje drejtuar kėtij institucioni fetar. Fjalėt e para tė kėsaj kėrkese tė pėrfaqėsuesit tė komunitetit ēam ishin pikėrisht "Ju lutem Hirėsi mbani njė meshė pėrshpirtjeje...", por duket se kjo nuk ka mjaftuar qė tė mos interpretohet si njė porosi partie dhe urdhėr nga Parlamenti pėr drejtuesit mė tė lartė tė kėtij komuniteti fetar.
Ndėrkohė qė Idrizi ka falėnderuar edhe nė emėr tė komunitetit ēam, 3 klerikėt e lartė, kreun e Komunitetit Mysliman, Haxhi Selim Muēa, Kryeipeshkvin Imzot Rrok Mirdita, si dhe Kryegjyshin Botėror tė Bektashinjve, Haxhi Dedė Reshat Bardhi, pėr mesazhet qė pėrcollėn dhe lutjet e bėra pėr shpirtrat e tė vdekurve, atyre 4520 viktimave tė pafajshme tė gjenocidit grek nė qershor tė vitit 1945.
gazet shqip- 27/06/2007
Jo nuk jane punime te miat. Faktet dhe statistikat jane historike, ku citohen ne vend edhe autore greke dhe dokumente arkivore. Kryesisht eshte pune e M.Vickers, K.Dervishaj etj. Ka disa interpretime dhe komente te ketyre fakteve neper shkrim.Kjo e ben qe te duket si opinion personal, por qe kushdo mund ti heqe ato interpretime qe lidhen me nje emer apo me nje tjeter dhe te lexoje vetem faktet.[B]postuar nga si Dita
BARAT,
kam nje pyetje lidhur me postimet 3-5, 8-14: a jane ato punim i yti, apo jane shkeputur nga ndonje material i gatshem?
Pas vrasjes fizike vjen edhe ajo shpirtėrore
62 vjet pasi vuajtėn masakrat e bandave tė Napolon Zervės dhe u detyruan tė shpėrngulen nga shtėpitė dhe tokat e tyre, ēamėve u mbyllet edhe dera e Kishės Autoqefale Shqiptare. Siē pritej, kolonel Janullatos e refuzoi lutjen e komunitetit ēam pėr mbajtjen e njė meshe pėrshpirtjeje pėr viktimat e gjenocidit ndaj ēamėve. Ajo qė nuk pritej ishte mėnyra banale dhe justifikimet fyese pėr inteligjencėn tonė. Pėrkujtimi i viktimave u quajt ‘lojė politike‘ nė tė cilėn vetėm Kisha Ortodokse nuk mund tė merrte pjesė, ndryshe nga tė gjitha komunitetet e tjera fetare shqiptare.
Jo! Kolonel Janullatos, kujtimi i viktimave nuk ėshtė kurrsesi ‘lojė politike‘! Ju e dini mirė se keni bėrė ēmos qė ēėshtja ēame tė mos mbėshtetet kurrė nga politika shqiptare, e cila prej vitesh luan njė rol negativ nė zgjidhjen e kėsaj ēėshtjeje humane. Nuk ėshtė ‘lojė politike‘ as kėrkesa e ēamėve pėr t‘u kthyer nė shtėpitė dhe tokat e tyre. Ndaj dhe tė gjitha institucionet ndėrkombėtare e trajtojnė si njė ēėshtje humanitare dhe jopolitike.
Sidoqoftė, Z. Idrizi nė kėrkesėn e tij, jo si deputet, por si pjesėtar i komunitetit ēam, jua shprehu qartė qė nuk kėrkonte nga ju angazhim pėr zgjidhjen e kėsaj ēėshtjeje, por kryerjen e detyrave tuaja si njeri i Zotit siē e mbani veten. Me refuzimin tuaj ju kėrkoni t‘u thoni besimtarėve ortodoksė shqiptarė se ata qė vriten apo dėbohen me forcė nga Greqia, do e gjejnė tė mbyllur edhe derėn e Kishės Autoqefale Shqiptare. Kjo tregon hapur se ju nuk jeni dėrguar me mision fetar nė Shqipėri, por pėr tė detyruar komunitetin ortodoks shqiptar qė tė shohė nga Athina.
Ju pėrmendni ligjet e shtetit shqiptar, por nuk hezituat t‘i nėpėrkėmbni kėto ligje, gjatė skandalit tė zhvarrimeve tė Kosinės. Mbrojtja qė ju i bėtė priftit tė Kosinės dhe fakti qė ai sot vazhdon tė jetė prift ortodoks, vėrteton implikimin tuaj personal nė atė skandal. Edhe atėherė ju u mjaftuat me njė tallje pėr tėrė shqiptarėt e revoltuar nga tregtia me eshtrat e tė parėve tė tyre. Akuzave pėr zhvarrosjen e paguar nga ai prift famėkeq (qė sigurisht nuk i ka paguar nga xhepi i tij ato para), juve ju pėrgjigjėt se ai kishte bėrė detyrėn e tij si prift.
Shitja e eshtrave tė fėmijėve dhe pleqve tė njė fshati pėr tė ndėrtuar varreza tė ushtrisė greke, ėshtė njė lojė politike tepėr e rrezikshme pėr bashkėjetesėn etnike. Po aq e rrezikshme sa edhe ndjellja e urrejtjes ndaj shqiptarėve, qė bėnin dhe bėjnė disa kolegė tuaj si Sebastianos. Ju jo vetėm qė nuk keni ndėrhyrė pėr tė dėnuar kėta njerėz qė veshin rrobėn e Zotit pėr tė shpėrndarė urrejtje e racizėm, por i keni ndihmuar ata duke bėrė ē‘mos qė tė shkatėrroni vėllazėrinė tipike shqiptare ndėrmjet komuniteteve fetare. Deklaratat tuaja tė vazhdueshme nė mediat ndėrkombėtare se shqiptarėt duan tė ndėrtojnė njė shoqėri ekstremiste islamiste, vėrtetojnė qėllimet tuaja tė liga.
Ju qė flisni pėr respekt tė rregullave tė kishės dhe ligjeve tė shtetit, a nuk ju duket plotėsisht nė kundėrshtim me kėto rregulla e ligje, diskriminimi qė ju u bėni ortodoksėve shqiptarė qė aplikojnė pėr punė pranė Kishės Autoqefale Shqiptare. Me ē‘tė drejtė atyre u kėrkohet tė flasin greqisht pėr t‘u punėsuar? Mos kujtoni se kėtė tė drejtė pėr tė bėrė greqishten gjuhė zyrtare tė Kishės Shqiptare, jua jep heshtja jonė kur ju edhe meshėn e dasmės sė ministrave shqiptarė e bėni nė greqisht? Nė qoftė kėshtu, dijeni mirė se kėsaj heshtjeje i ka ardhur fundi. Shqiptarėt nuk do vazhdojnė mė tė shkelin gjakun e atyre qė luftuan pėr autoqefalinė e kishės sonė. Pėrkundrazi, ai gjak i derdhur nga krimet e atyre qė u paraprinė juve, kolonel Janullatos, sot vlon nė damarėt e plot bijve e bijave tė kėtij kombi.
Duke i mbyllur derėn e kishės besimtarėve ortodoksė ēamė, ju keni ringjallur nė mendjet e ēdokujt atė karikaturėn qė filmat propagandistikė komunistė u bėnin klerikėve. Ky imazh nuk ėshtė ai qė meriton Komuniteti Ortodoks shqiptar, ndaj ne u bėjmė tė gjithė priftėrinjve tė ndershėm ortodoksė, qė nė kundėrshtim tė plotė me qėndrimin tuaj, t‘i pėrgjigjen pozitivisht lutjes sė komunitetit ēam. Ėshtė detyra e tyre si njerėz tė Zotit qė tė kryejnė shėrbesat fetare pėr viktimat e gjenocidit. Siē ėshtė detyra e ēdo shqiptari tė mos i reshti pėrpjekjet, qė dyert e Kishės Autoqefale Shqiptare t‘u mbyllen atyre qė kėrkojnė ta greqizojnė.
KLUBI KOMBĖTAR-gazeta shqip 27/06/2007
Lutja e pėshpėritjes, Janullatos bojkoton nderimin e ēamėve
27/06/2007 - gazeta panorama
• "Lutja e pėshpėritjes", e mbajtur nė nderim tė viktimave tė popullsisė shqiptare ēame, bojkotohet nga kreu i kishės ortodokse, peshkopi Janullatos.
Dje nė ambientet e hotel "Tirana" u zhvillua mesha e pėshpėritjes nė kujtim tė qindra e mijėra viktimave tė popullsisė ēame. Nė tė merrnin pjesė tre pėrfaqėsuesit mė tė lartė tė klerit shqiptar, atij katolik, imzot Rrok Mirdita, atij mysliman, kryemyftiu Selim Muēa dhe bektashinj Baba Reshat Bardhi. Nė kėtė meshė morėn pjesė edhe pėrfaqėsues tė politikės shqiptare, si Ilir Meta i LSI-sė, Ekrem Spahia i PLL-sė, Pėllumb Xhufi i LSI-sė. Tė tre udhėheqėsit e besimeve, mysliman, katolik dhe bektashinj zhvilluan lutjet e tyre nė emėr tė padrejtėsive tė zhvilluara ndaj kėsaj popullsie mbi 60 vjet mė parė. Tė tre klerikėt e lartė nė lutjet e tyre bėnė thirrje qė mesha tė mos jetė pėr qėllime politike, por vetėm njerėzore. Ndėrsa kreu i LSI-sė, Meta, deklaroi se pėr kėtė ēėshtje kėrkohet mė shumė solidaritet nga e gjithė klasa politike dhe nga e gjithė shoqėria jonė. "Kjo larg ēdo fryme nacionaliste, por plotėsisht nė pėrputhje me ato kėrkesa legjitime pėr njohjen dhe respektimin e tė drejtave tė njeriut", deklaroi Meta. Imzot Rrok Mirdita theksoi se, "njė lutje ndėrfetare mė ėshtė dukur shumė e natyrshme, edhe pėr faktin se kur bėhet fjalė pėr tė vdekur, ne nuk na ndan asgjė. Tė gjithė e kemi pėr detyrė pėr t’i pėrkujtuar si nė tė tilla pėrkujtimore. Prandaj ėshtė njė gjė krejtėsisht e natyrshme, qė ne secili, duke respektuar ritet e veta fetare, tė gjithė i drejtohemi Zotit". Kryepeshkopi Janullatos, si drejtues i Kishės Autoqefale Ortodokse shqiptare, refuzoi tė merrte pjesė nė njė meshė tė tillė, duke e cilėsuar si politike mbajtjen e saj. Kjo ishte edhe arsyeja e refuzimit tė letrės sė drejtuar nga shoqata atdhetare-politike "Ēamėria" dhe deputeti i PS-sė, Shpėtim Idrizi, nė marrjen pjesė tė kėsaj "meshe tė pėshpėritjes". Nė lidhje me kėtė mungesė tė Janullatosit reagoi dje dhe shoqata "Ēamėria". "Sesa politike ishte ftesa nė fjalė, pėrgjigjja mė e mirė vjen prej krerėve tė komuniteteve tė tjera, tė atij mysliman, katolik dhe bektashi, qė morėn pjesė nė meshėn tonė dhe na nderuan. Askush nuk bėri politikė, nuk shau njeri, nuk shau kombe tė tjerė, pėrveē se nderoi tė vdekurit, qė dhe nė rregullat e kishės kanė njė status tė veēantė. Qėndrimet tuaja shprehur nė reagimin ndaj ftesės sonė kishin shumė politikė, shumė mė shumė se sa ceremonia nė nderim tė tė vdekurve tė bashkėsisė sonė, ku morėn pjesė tre komunitetet fetare shqiptare", thuhet nė reagimin e shoqatės. Nė lidhje me reagimin e shoqatės minoritare "Omonia", theksohet se "qėndrimi i egėr i disa krerėve anonimė tė kėsaj organizate nuk pėrfaqėson qėndrimin e minoritetit grek nė Shqipėri, qė bashkėjeton nė mėnyrė tė shkėlqyer edhe me komunitetin tonė ēam, me tė cilin ka lidhje krushqie, biznesi dhe njerėzore nė pėrgjithėsi". Pavarėsisht kėsaj, kryetar i kėsaj shoqate me anė tė njė deklarate pėr median theksoi se, "ne besojmė se hirėsia e tij Janullatos do tė ketė mundėsinė tė realizojė kėtė lutje".
“Welcome to GREECE” (Mirė se erdhėt nė Greqi)
Nga Alban JONI
Udhėtimi drejt Qafė Botės, nė ritualin pėrkujtimor nė shenjė mosharrimi pėr viktimat ēame tė gjenocidit grek, na vuri nė njė situatė ku, si i thonė fjalės, “nė vend qė tė vinim vetullat, nxorėm sytė”.
Rrugės duke hyrė nė Dropull ishin fshirė emrat shqiptarė tė vendeve dhe kishin mbetur vetėm emrat grekė.
Por, mė e ēuditshmja ishte mbrėmja, kur na ēuan pėr tė fjetur.
Pas gjithė atij sharmi patriotik pėr vendlindjen tonė tė mohuar, prisnim nė mos ndonjė ambient kaq tė thekur atdhetar, tė paktėn njė vend-ēlodhje normal, ku tė binte era Shqipėri, pas asaj ditė tepėr tė lodhshme.
Por, ēuditėrisht, nuk ndodhi kėshtu.
Mua dhe disa shokėve tė mi, na ēuan nė njė hotel nė mes tė Sarandės, me emrin EPIRIUS. Qė nga emri (jo Epir por Epirus) tė krijohej pėrshtypja se gjendeshe nė mes Athinės e jo nė mes tė njė qyteti shqiptar, ndėr mė tė lashtit dhe me njė kulturė arkeologjike nga mė tė pasurat nė rajon. Sidoqoftė, menduam se kishim tė bėnim thjeshtė me ndonjė adhurues tė botės antike, por nuk ishte kaq e thjeshtė ēėshtja…
Lokali jo vetėm qė ishte pėrshtatur nė njė stil tė spikatur grek, me muzikė greke etj, por nė ēdo cep tė tij tė uronte me germa tė mėdha “mirėseardhjen nė Greqi”!
“Welcome to GREECE” (Mirė se erdhėt nė Greqi) shkruhet deri dhe nė pakot e shampos, qė shėrbejnė pėr dushin e bujtėsve, ndėrkohė qė nė disqe kėngėtarėt grekė tė buzuqeve vazhdojnė “live” interpretimin pėr shtatė palė qejfe…
Gjėra tė tilla ndodhin vetėm nė kėtė Republikėn tonė tė njė mijė e njė ēudirave, ku “kozmopolitizmi, globalizmi” e tė tjera me “izėm” vazhdojnė tė nė joshin me njė simetri gėrricėse turmat dritė-shkurtėra dhe njerėzit dritėshkurtėr.
Nuk jetojmė nė njė republikė bananesh, por nė njė republikė, pėr tė cilėn, mė e pakta qė mund tė bėjnė qytetarėt dhe shtetarėt ėshtė tė dinė se ku jetojnė, pra faktin se ky vend e ka emrin Shqipėri. Dhe brenda kufijve tė kėtij trualli, do apo nuk do, kur tė ftosh dikė, qoftė dhe nė shtėpinė tėnde apo nė hotelin a lokalin tėnd, nė ēfarėdo lloj reklame e shėrbimi qė do tė tė duhet tė afishosh pėr klientėt, je i detyruar t’i thuash: “Mirėse vjen nė Shqipėri!”…
Kaq gjė, nėse nuk e di, bėn mirė qė ta mėsojė edhe pronari i “Epirius”, lokali i tė cilit mban emrin e njė kujtese tė lavdishme, (jo kujtesė greke, siē pandeh zotėria nė fjalė, por iliro-shqiptare), tė cilėn nuk mund tė zhbėjnė dot interesat e vogla e meskine dhe flirtet me fqinjėt tanė.
E Merkure, 27 Qershor 2007-gazeta ndryshe
2002
Conflict Studies Research Centre
The Cham Issue - Albanian National & Property Claims in GreeceA small but vocal movement is seeking redress for the massacre and
Conflict Studies Research Centre
ISBN 1-903584-76-0
April 2002
Miranda Vickers
expulsion of Muslim ethnic Albanian inhabitants from Greek territory
during the period 1912-45. The Greek government refuses to discuss the
issue, which could be fairly easily solved to Greek advantage. Meantime,
it is likely to be exploited by both pro- and anti-Albanian elements in the
Balkans.
Introduction
The modern Albanian question emerged as a major European issue in 1991. That
year witnessed the collapse of the one-party state in Albania and the beginning of
the disintegration of Yugoslavia. Throughout the 1990s, Albania struggled to
embrace democracy, and ward off internal political and social divisions that brought
the country to the brink of civil war. Almost a quarter of the Albanian population
has subsequently fled abroad to escape civil unrest, poverty and unemployment.
Meanwhile, the same decade saw the Albanians of the former Yugoslavia pursue
peaceful, and then violent, means to escape Slav rule and seek self-determination.
The true cause of the ethnic Albanian insurgencies in Kosovo (1998-1999), the
Preshevo Valley (2000) and in western FYROM (2001), can be traced historically to
the exclusion of those Albanians from the newly-created Albanian state in 1912.
Whereas the Albanians of the former Yugoslavia have been struggling for 89 years
to be re-included within the borders of a unified Albanian state, there is one group
of around 200,000 Albanians who have ironically found themselves classified as
refugees inside Albania. These people are known as Chams.
The Chams are the ethnic Albanian, and predominantly Muslim, population from
the area of north western Greece known to Greeks as Threspotia and to Albanians
as Chameria. The region, which is centred around the Tsamis river, extends from
Butrint and the mouth of the Acheron River to Lake Prespa in the north, eastward
to the Pindus mountains and south as far as Preveza and the Gulf of Arta.
Nineteenth century British travellers such as Lord Byron and his companion John
Hobhouse noted the preponderance of Albanian-speakers in these regions. While
there is much comment focused on the position of the Greek minority in Albania,
there is very little information about the Albanian minority which remained in
Greece after the founding of the Albanian state. Most of these Albanians were
originally Christian Orthodox by religion, but converted to Islam during the latter
years of the Ottoman occupation. According to a Boston-based web-site which
Albanians use to exchange ideas on current affairs, "the Albanians in Greece are
divided into two distinct categories: Albanians who live on Albanian territory but
who have remained outside the unjust borders which were drawn up by the
Ambassadorial Conference (London, 1913), and those Albanians who departed
Albanian territory during the first diaspora in the 14th and 15 centuries".1 These
Albanians fled their homeland during the battles against the invading Ottoman
Turk and many settled on the island of Euboea. Others went to Italy.
The Cham conflict arose as a result of the delineation of the border between Greece
and Albania at the end of the Balkan Wars. In 1912 the London Ambassador's
Conference allotted the Chameria region to Greece, so today only seven Cham
villages, centred on the village of Konispol, are in Albania itself. There were three
distinct phases of emigration of the Cham population from northern Greece. The
first occurred during the Balkan Wars 1912-1914, the second following the signing
of the Turkish-Greek Convention at Lausanne in January 1923, and the third
occurred at the end of the Second World War, in the period from June 1944 to
March 1945, during which an estimated 5,000 men, women and children were
killed. The rest of Chameria's Albanian Muslim population fled over the border to
Albania where they have lived in exile ever since.
The Chams are demanding the recognition of about 4,000 Chams who disappeared
as a result of those conflicts, and the property rights of about 150,000 others.3 The
Chams are also building charges against Greece at the international courts, arguing
that they were stripped of around US$340m-worth of properties which are worth
roughly US$2.5bn at current market prices. The Greeks, however, see the Cham
question as a "non existent issue".4
The forced movement of the entire Albanian Muslim population from Greece has left
a lingering sense of injustice amongst Albanians in general. This has contributed in
part to poor bilateral relations between Albania and Greece. The controversial
Cham issue has lain dormant in recent years and none of the post-war Albanian
governments, whether communist, democratic or socialist, have ventured to try to
make it a key issue in relations with Greece. In May 2001, at the height of last
year's ethnic Albanian insurrection in FYROM, a headline appeared on the wires of
a Belgrade news agency, which ran: "New Albanian (Cham) Liberation Army on the
March in Greece."5 The purpose of this paper is to highlight the crucial historical
and political issues that have led to such alarmist headlines, and to gauge the
extent of Cham grievances, the support they elicit, and the degree to which their
political agenda has changed since they arrived in Albania in 1945.
Historical Background
The name 'Chameria' comes from the ancient Illyrian name for the Tsamis River,
which traversed the territory of the ancient Illyrian tribe of Thesprotes. Chameria
was part of the Roman Empire before being conquered by the Byzantines, and in
the thirteenth century it became part of the Epirus despotate. In the second half of the fourteenth century it was included in the Albanian despotate of Arta. After the Ottoman invasion in the 15th century it was firstly in the sanjak (municipality) of Delvina, then in that of Janina. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the
mostly Albanian population of northern Chameria - from Konispol to the Gliqi river
- was forcibly converted to Islam, whilst those living south of the Gliqi down to
Preveza Bay remained Orthodox Christians. The Muslim Albanians of Epirus were
eternally feuding with their Christian neighbours and, favoured by their Turkish coreligionists,
had gained the best land, whilst Christians had been forced onto less
fertile soil. Historically the Epirus region has had a very blurred ethnicity. As one
late nineteenth century visitor noted: The whole of the Tosk6 country has been
strongly influenced by Greece, or rather it would be difficult to say whether Epirus
is Greek or north-western Greece is Albanian. Though the southern dialect of
Albanian is used for conversation, Greek is universally understood.7
After the defeat of the Ottoman forces during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913), the
future of Albanian-inhabited areas was discussed at the hastily convened
Conference of Ambassadors held in London in December 1912-January 1913,
where it was agreed in principle to support the establishment of Albania as a new
political entity.
Greece had emerged from the Balkan Wars with a heightened sense of achievement,
and a determination to try to secure southern Albania for Greece. The emphasis was not on territory that was ethnically strictly Greek, but rather on lands in which
Hellenic civilisation was believed to be predominant.8 In October 1913 the Epirote
insurrection broke out, as Greek volunteers raided southern Albania, terrorising its
inhabitants by burning their villages. The Greek objective was to set up an
autonomous Vorio Epirus (Northern Epirus), in an attempt to sabotage the
international discussions then being held in Florence on the future status of the
region. Finally in December 1913, the Powers agreed on the terms of the Protocol of
Florence, whereby, in return for Serbia's retreat from Albanian territory, Austria
reluctantly agreed that the Albanian districts in what is now Kosovo and Macedonia
should be formerly ceded to Serbia, whilst Greece received the large southern region
of Chameria. The Albanian state was thus reduced to the central regions together
with the town of Shkoder and its surrounding territory.
Following the establishment of the Florence Line, some Greek troops began to
withdraw from Chameria. Greek terrorist bands, however, remained as active as
ever. As the majority of Chams were Muslim, they were treated with the same
contempt as ethnic Turks living in Greece. On 23 February 1913, 72 people were
killed in the village of Proi I Selanit near Paramithia. This marked the beginning of
attacks on Albanian Muslim civilian targets, which were designed to instil fear into
the population and thus prompt them to leave their homes. Throughout the next
decade, the property of Albanian Muslims was systematically looted and many
young men were deported to internal exile on the Aegean islands. Thousands of
hectares of Cham-owned land were expropriated without compensation, their
harvests were requisitioned, and they were prohibited from sowing their corn, or
from selling or letting their property to forestall its expropriation. It was thus
rendered impossible for many families to remain in Greece - forcing them to flee
northwards to Albanian in search of land.9 In an effort to settle the Cham issue,
the Athens government had tried to gain Ankara's approval for encouraging some
Chams to migrate to Turkey, in the hope that the rest would follow. Initially Ankara
had been unwilling to allow the settlement of Albanian Muslims on Turkish soil, but
following intense diplomatic efforts by Athens, the Turkish government agreed to
allow the settlement of some 5,000 Chams.
Meanwhile, in 1923, the position regarding the 20,000 or so Muslim Albanians still
remaining in northern Greece was being hotly debated at a special session of the
Council of the League of Nations. The convention that made possible the exchange
of Greek and Turkish populations had been signed at the Lausanne Conference on
30 January 1923. The Albanian government had then insisted, via telegrams and
delegations to the League, that the Greek authorities were forcing the Chams to
leave their homes and move to Turkey, and that their lands were being settled by
Greek immigrants from Asia Minor. The Greeks countered these accusations by
arguing that the term 'Albanian' could only be applied to those who were born in
Albania, thereby excluding from consideration the Greek-born Albanian Muslims,
who were equated with Turks. The League responded to the Albanian allegations by
establishing a Mixed Commission to examine the question in detail.
In March 1924, the Commission decided that Greek subjects who were Muslims
and of Albanian origin, and more specifically those residing in Epirus, had to be
excluded from the compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and
Turkey.10 For the Albanian Chams, however, the issue centred around their claims
to belong to the Albanian nation. The Council of the League discussed this matter
during its thirtieth session (29 August-3 October): the Albanian position maintained
that the Greek authorities were encouraging the 'Albanians of Epirus' to consider
mass migration by calling them 'Greeks of Turkish origin' and convincing them to adopt the second identity in their public pronouncements. The Council finally
decided to appoint neutral members of the Mixed Commission as its 'mandatories'
charged with the responsibility of protecting the 'Muslim minority of Albanian
origin' residing in Greece.11 Meanwhile, the Athens government settled Greek
immigrants from Asia Minor in Chameria in order to populate it with Orthodox
Christians, and to put further pressure on the remaining Albanian Muslims to
emigrate. Throughout the 1920s entire villages, such as Petrovica and Shendellinja
were emptied of their Albanian inhabitants. Whole families left for Albania, Turkey
and America.
In March 1926, the Greek government declared that the process of population
exchange was over and that the Chams would henceforth have the same rights as
those enjoyed by other Greek citizens, However, these "rights" remained highly
selective. No Albanian-language schools were permitted and the speaking of
Albanian was discouraged outside the home. The signing of the Italian-Albanian
pact in November 1926 caused some anxiety in Athens and focused Greek attention
on the still unresolved question of the Chams, which was leading to increased
tensions between Greece and Albania. The Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs had
serious reservations about the pact because it was feared that the interests of the
Albanians for their "brothers" in Epirus now had the backing of an important
power, whose territorial ambitions in the Balkans could benefit from the existence
of the Cham minority which favoured Italy and was hostile to the Greek state. Italy
could also use the Chams as a counterweight to Greek ambitions in southern
Albania.
Albanian charges directed against Greece concerning the Muslims of Chameria
gradually increased and reached their climax during the first half of 1928. In
March, the Albanian Foreign Ministry delivered a memorandum to the Greek chargé
d'affaires in Tirana, which highlighted Tirana's concern over the 'austere measures'
exercised by the local authorities against the Chams, and expressed a formal
protest that the Greek government did not recognise them as a 'national minority'.
The Greek side argued that 'the Albanian government had no right to get involved in
the domestic affairs of another country: the Chams were Greek citizens and the
projection of Albania as a protector state constituted disregard of the basic elements
of Greek sovereign rights.'12 With the coming to power of the Ioannis Metaxas
fascist government in 1936, the situation of the Albanian population of Chameria
became even more difficult. The colonisation of the area by Greeks intensified,
confiscation of Cham property was stepped up and the names of places inhabited
by Albanians were replaced by Greek place names.13 In the meantime, the League
of Nations continued to note the Albanian protests over the treatment of the Chams,
but by then more important issues were now emerging concerning other minorities
in Europe.
The Second World WarThe outbreak of the Second World War brought about a brief union (1941-1943) of
Kosovo with Albania, and the possibility of the remaining Albanian-inhabited
regions of the Balkans being united. In August 1940 Italy invaded Greece. In an
effort to rally the Albanian people to her cause, Italy had promised the Albanians
their national unity. The German-Italian agreement of 1941 stipulated the
formation of a 'Greater Albania', to include the large Albanian-inhabited areas of
Yugoslavia and, to a lesser extent, Greece. The Italians were able to exploit
Albanian irredentist sentiment by insisting that the unification of all Albanian-inhabited lands was conditional upon an Axis victory. The Chams were
subsequently armed by the Italians and co-operated with them against Greek
villages controlled by Greek resistance fighters. During this period, atrocities were
committed by a minority of Chams against Greek civilians, thousands of whom were
forced to flee from their homes. The majority of Chams, however, were merely
passive collaborators, distrusting the Italians as much as they did the Greek
Royalist guerrilla force of Napoleon Zervas. In little over a year, Greek forces were
able to push the Italians back over the Albanian border. There was widespread
alarm amongst the Chams when the hoped-for Axis victory turned to defeat. Near
the village of Vrina in southern Albania, in June 1940, the headless body of the
Cham leader Daut Hoxa was discovered. It was alleged by the Italian-controlled
government in Tirana that he had been murdered by Greek secret agents. Hoxha
was a military leader of the Cham struggle during the inter-war years. The Greek
government claimed he was merely a bandit.14 In October 1944 when the Germans
began withdrawing from Greece, many hundreds of Chams also fled with them into
Albania. Henceforth, the remaining Muslim Albanians in Greece were regarded by
the Greeks as the enemy within.
In an attempt to establish an ethnically pure border region, the Chams were evicted
from northern Greece by guerrilla forces under the command of General Napoleon
Zervas acting under the instructions of allied officers. In the light of recent
research, wartime documents show that Greek actions against the Chams were
supported and authorised by the British. These actions resulted in around 35,000
Chams fleeing to Albania and others to Turkey. Colonel Chris Woodhouse, head of
the British Military Mission in Greece reported that: "Encouraged by the Allied
Mission I headed, Zervas drove the Chams out of their homes in 1944. The
majority fled to find shelter in Albania. Their eviction from Greece was carried out
with large-scale bloodshed. Zervas's work was followed in March 1945 with a largescale
massacre of the Filiates Chams that cannot be excused. The result was the
eviction of the undesirable Albanian population from their land."15
The most infamous massacre of Albanian Muslims by Greek irregulars occurred on
27 June 1944 in the district of Paramithia, when forces of General Zervas's National
Republican Greek League (EDES) entered the town and killed approximately 600
Albanian Muslims, men women and children - many having been raped and
tortured before death. According to eyewitness accounts, the following day, another
EDES battalion marched into Parga where 52 more Albanians were killed. On 23
September 1944, the town of Spatar was looted and 157 people died. Young women
and girls were raped and those men who were still alive were rounded up and
deported to the Aegean islands.16 According to statistics provided by the Chameria
Association in Tirana, in total 2,771 Albanian civilians were killed during the1944-
1945 attacks on their villages. The breakdown is as follows: in Filiates and suburbs
1,286, in Igoumenitsa and suburbs 192, in Paramithia and suburbs 673 and Parga
620. Sixty-eight villages with 5,800 houses were looted and then burnt. A detailed
list of material losses includes 110,000 sheep, 2,400 cattle, 21,000 quintals of
wheat and 80,000 quintals of edible oil, amounting to 11,000,000 kilograms of
grain and 3,000,000 kilograms of edible oil.17
As a result of these assaults, an estimated 28,000 Chams fled to Albania where
they settled on the outskirts of Vlore, Durres and Tirana. Several hundred Chams
moved into properties along the Himara coast left by families who had been wiped
out during the vicious fighting firstly against the Axis occupiers, and secondly in
1944 between the Greek nationalist Northern Epirus Liberation Front and the
Albanian nationalist Balli Kombetar partisan fighters. Some Chams moved into existing villages along the coast such as Borsh which were traditionally Muslim,
thus augmenting the non-Hellenic character of the region. Other Chams
established entirely new villages, such as Vrina, near the Greek border.
International observers noted the brutality of the Cham evictions. Joseph Jacobs,
Head of the US Mission in Albania (1945-1946) wrote: "In March 1945 units of
Zervas's dissolved forces carried out a massacre of Chams in the Filiates area, and
practically cleared the district of the Albanian minority. According to all the
information I have been able to gather on the Cham issue, in the fall of 1944 and
during the first months of 1945, the authorities in north-western Greece
perpetrated savage brutality by evicting some 25,000 Chams - residents of
Chameria - from their homes. They were chased across the border after having
been robbed of their land and property. Hundreds of male Chams from the ages of
15 to 70 were interned on the islands of the Aegean Sea. In total 102 mosques were
burnt down."18 The Greek authorities then approved a law sanctioning the
expropriation of Cham property, citing the collaboration of their community with
the occupying Axis forces as a main reason for the decision.
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