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  1. #1
    bashkekohor Maska e ~Geri~
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    21-06-2004
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    Perkujtohet 60 vjetori i Hiroshimes!



    6 gusht 2005 / TN

    Sot Japonia pėrkujton 60 vjetorin e hedhjes sė bombės bėrthamore nė Hiroshimė – hera e parė qė njė bombė e tillė pėrdorej nė luftė. Sulmi ajror amerikan i ndjekur tri ditė mė pas nga njė tjetėr bombė me plutonium tė hedhur mbi Nagasaki, i bėri japonezėt tė kapitullonin dhe i dha fund Luftės sė Dytė Botėrore.

    Pėr Japoninė, viktima e vetme e luftės bėrthamore, sulmet lanė njė plagė nė psikologjinė e kombit, duke krijuar atė qė shumė e njerėz e quajnė “alergji bėrthamore”.

    Por tani pas 6 dekadash, Japonia ėshtė bėrė njė vend qė pėrdor energjinė bėrthamore dhe tabutė lidhur me armėt e mundshme bėrthamore, po zbehen pak nga pak.



    Ēdo vit mė 6 gusht, nė Parkun e Paqes nė Hiroshimė fiks nė orėn 8:15 tė mėngjesit, fillon njė lutje nė heshtje e shoqėruar pastaj nga rėnia e kambanės, e cila shėnon momentin e saktė kur arma atomike u hodh me avion mbi kėtė qytet industrial tė Japonisė.

    Nė Hiroshimė dhe Nagasaki, mė shumė se 100 mijė civilė u vranė menjėherė nga bombat atomike. Qindra mijėra u prekėn nga rrezatimi radioaktiv – shumė prej tyre vdiqėn gjatė javėve, muajve dhe viteve qė pasuan.

    Hiroshima dhe Nagasaki vazhdojnė tė jenė dėshmi tė tmerreve tė luftės bėrthamore dhe e bėnė Japoninė e shkatėrruar tė shndėrrohet nė Zvicrėn e Azisė – njė vend pacifist dhe me qėndrime tė forta anti-bėrthamore. Qė nga viti 1956, politika kombėtare e Japonisė ka qenė qė vendi tė mos zotėrojė ose tė prodhojė armė bėrthamore.

    Nė atė kohė, megjithatė, Japonia ishte nėn ombrellėn amerikane tė mbrojtjes bėrthamore si aleate e re e Uashingtonit.

    Mė pas Japonia u kthye nė njė fuqi qė pėrdorte energjinė bėrthamore, duke ndėrtuar dhjetėra uzina qė prodhonin energji elektrike pėr kėtė vend me burime tė pakta natyrore.

    Nga fundi i viteve 70, Japonia filloi tė analizonte nė fshehtėsi mundėsinė qė tė zotėronte armėt e saj bėrthamore. Studiuesi James Przystup nė Universitetin Kombėtar tė Mbrojtjes kėtu nė Shtetet e Bashkuara, shpjegon:

    "Ēdo herė, ata arrinin nė pėrfundimin se kjo nuk do tė ishte njė zgjidhje e mirė pėr Japoninė. Japonia ėshtė njė vend shumė i vogėl, i cili nuk ka peshė nga pikėpamja strategjike. Dhe nėse ndodh njė shkėmbim bėrthamor, pozita e saj do tė ishte mjaft e rrezikuar."

    Por kohėt e fundit, kjo mėnyrė tė menduari po ndryshon. Politikanėt e Tokios janė tė shqetėsuar rreth kėrcėnimeve tė reja tė mundshme nga raketat balistike dhe armėt bėrthamore tė Koresė sė Veriut si dhe nga fuqia nė rritje e Kinės.

    Prandaj tani, ideja e krijimit tė njė mbrojtjeje bėrthamore, e cila ishte tabu para disa dekadash, po debatohet nė qarqet kryesore politike, akademike dhe tė medias. Kazuhiro Haraguchi ėshtė deputet i Partisė Demokratike tė opozitės.

    "Nėse ndodh mė e keqja dhe Koreja e Veriut fillon provat bėrthamore, nė Japoni do tė dėgjohen thirrje akoma mė tė forta pėr t’u armatosur me armė bėrthamore si mjet frenues. Kjo nuk mund tė mos pėrfillet."

    Pėr shumė analistė tė Azisė, si Balbina Hwang nė Fondacionin konservator Heritage nė Uashington, ēėshtja koreanoveriore do tė jetė ndoshta katalizatori pėr njė garė tė mundshme armatimi bėrthamor nė Azi.

    "Nėse kriza nuk trajtohet me menēuri nga Shtetet e Bashkuara, atėherė mendoj se e ardhmja do tė jetė shumė e rrezikshme. Unė shikoj njė mundėsi tė madhe pėr njė garė armatimesh, thotė zonja Hwang."

    Por disa analistė mendojnė se qė Japonia tė fillonte tė kėrkojė armė bėrthamore, do tė duhej mė shumė se njė provė bėrthamore e Koresė sė Veriut. Ja ē’thotė Weston Konishi i grupit tė studimeve politike Mansfield Foundation, nė Uashington.

    "Nuk mendoj se njė provė bėrthamore e Koresė sė Veriut do tė shėrbente si shtysė pėr Japoninė qė ajo tė kėrkonte armė bėrthamore. Mė tepėr do tė ishte fjala pėr njė skenar nė tė cilin aleanca amerikano-japoneze do tė fillonte tė shpėrbėhej. Me fjalė tė tjera, nėse ombrella bėrthamore amerikane do tė zhdukej njė ditė, atėherė Japonia do tė zgjidhte rrugėn e armėve bėrthamore."
    Ndryshuar pėr herė tė fundit nga ~Geri~ : 08-08-2005 mė 14:50
    "Ta duam "Shqiperine", si shqiptaret "Ameriken"

  2. #2
    bashkekohor Maska e ~Geri~
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    21-06-2004
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    Anketimi, amerikanėt pėr tė parėn herė tė ndarė pėr bombat nė Hiroshimė



    NJU-JORK - Njė anketim tregon se amerikanėt pėr herė tė parė duken tė ndarė lidhur me faktin nėse Amerika duhej tė pėrdorte bombat nė Hiroshimė apo jo. Anketimi i kryer nga Associated Press abuloi se rreth 24% e amerimanėve “e mbėshtetin fort” hedhjen e bombės sė parė atomike nė Hiroshimė dhe Nagasaki .Por 23% e tė anketuarve nuk janė tė mendimit se hedhja e bombės sė parė atomike nė Hiroshimė dhe Nagasaki ishte veprim i drejtė nga ana e ushtrisė amerikane, ndėrsa 24% e kundėrshtojnė shumė ashpėr vendimin e Amerikės pėr bombardimin e Hiroshimės. Njė 6-pėrqindėsh i tė anketuarve nuk janė tė sigurt nėse Amerika veproi drejt. Anketimet e kryera gjatė viteve tė fundit kanė treguar se shumica e kanė mbėshtetur pėrdorimin e bombės, megjithėse dy vitet e fundit kjo mbėshtetje ka rėnė ndjeshėm. Ndėrsa nė anketimin e kryer nga Asasociatet Press pėr herė tė parė amerikanėt kanė kundėrshtuar hapur hedhjen e bombave nė Hiroshimė, duke shprehur mendimin se Amerika ka ndėrmarrė veprimin e gabuar nė kohėn e gabuar. Anketimi (kohėt e fundit dhe njė studim i kryer nė Japni) ka treguar se janė mė tė shumtė amerikanėt sesa japonezėt ata qė kanė frikė pėr njė tjetėr luftė botėrore. Shumica e njerėzve nė tė dyja vendet besojnė se pėrdorimi i armėve nukleare nuk do tė justifikohet kurrė, megjithėse gati gjysma e amerikanėve bėjnė njė pėrjashtim pėr bombat e hedhura nė vitin 1945, ku u vranė 200 mijė njerėz, shumica prej tyre civilė. Japonia u dorėzua pak ditė pas shpėrthimit tė armėve nukleare. Por historianėt ngrenė pyetjen nėse vendi do tė ishte dorėzuar nė rast se bombat nuk do tė ishin pėrdorur
    "Ta duam "Shqiperine", si shqiptaret "Ameriken"

  3. #3
    bashkekohor Maska e ~Geri~
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    21-06-2004
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    USA
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    NGA HIROSHIMA PER NE TEHERAN

    Olsi Jazexhi

    Data 6 dhe 9 Gusht e vitit 2005 pėrkon me 60 vjetorin e
    bombardimit nuklear qė Shtetet e Bashkuara tė Amerikės bėn
    kundėr qyteteve japoneze tė Hiroshimės dhe Nagasakit.
    Bombardimi amerikan i Hiroshimės shkaktoi rrėnimin total tė
    qytetit japonez dhe vdekjen e rreth 150.000 vetėve. Tre
    ditė pas bombardimit tė Hiroshimės, amerikanėt lėshuan njė
    tjetėr bombė atomike kundėr qytetit tė Nagasakit, ku vdiqėn
    edhe rreth 70,000 vetė tė tjerė. Qė nga viti 1945 e deri nė
    ditėt e sotme nė Japoni disa mijėra vetė kanė vazhduar tė
    vdesin si pasojė e efekteve radiatuese tė bombės atomike,
    ndėrsa mijėra tė tjerė kanė pėsuar probleme nė lindje dhe
    sėmundje tė ndryshme gjenetike.
    Bombardimi amerikan i Hiroshimės dhe Nagasakit u bė me
    urdhėr tė klikės sunduese tė Uashingtonit e cila, edhe pse
    qeveria japoneze kishte kohė qė kėrkonte tė dorėzohej pa
    kushte ndaj amerikanėve, tė fundit kėrkonin qė me japonezėt
    tė vendosin njė preēedent tė frikshėm pėr tė trembur tė
    gjithė ato vende qė do tė guxonin nė tė ardhmen tė
    refuzojnė diktatin e tyre.
    Sipas revistėt britanike New Scientist tė datės 21 Qershor
    2005, "vendimi amerikan pėr tė bombarduar Hiroshimėn dhe
    Nagasakin ... ėshtė bėrė pėr tė nisur Luftėn e Ftohtė
    [kundėr Bashkimit Sovjetik, qė ishte aleat i Uashingtonit
    nė kėtė kohė] dhe jo pėr t'i dhėnė fund Luftės sė Dytė
    Botėrore" siē pretendon historiografia zyrtare amerikane
    sot. Peter Kuznick, drejtori Institutit tė Studimeve
    Nukleare pranė Universitetit Amerikan nė Uashington thotė
    qė vendimi i presidentit amerikan, Herry Truman tė godasė
    tė dy qytetet "nuk ishte njė krim i thjeshtė, por krim
    kundėr njerėzimit." Ndėrsa historiani amerikan Mark Selden,
    nga Cornell University nė New York, thekson se tre ditė
    pėrpara bombardimit tė Hiroshimės, Trumani kishte kuptuar
    qė Japonia kėrkonte paqe. Ndėrsa kėshilltarėt e tij ishin
    tė mendimit qė pėrdorimi i bombės atomike ishte i
    panevojshėm, sekretari i shtetit amerikan tė kėsaj kohe,
    James Byrnes ishte i mendimit se Japonia duhej tė bėhej
    shembull pėr vendet e tjera tė botės dhe nė veēanti Rusinė,
    "pasi tregimi i forcės ndaj Rusisė ishte mė i rėndėsishėm
    sesa vetė mbarimi i luftės". Idenė e pėrdorimit tė bombės
    kundėr Japonisė pėr arsye propagandistike e ka mbėshtetur
    edhe gjenerali Dwight Eisenhauer, i cili nė vitin 1963 ka
    deklaruar pėr revistėn Newsweek se "japonezėt ishin gati tė
    dorėzohen dhe nuk ishte e nevojshme qė tė goditen me kėtė
    gjė tė frikshme". Por dėshira amerikane pėr tė ndėrtuar
    rendin e ri botėror si njė "Rend Amerikan" ishte ajo qė
    shtyu sekretarin amerikan tė shtetit, James Byrnes, tė
    kėshillojė presidentin tė godasė Hiroshimėn, kėshtu qė
    Rusia dhe pjesa tjetėr e botės tė frikėsohej nga terrori
    atomik amerikan.
    Politika e presidentit Harry Truman, pėr pėrdorimin e
    terrorit atomik si shantazh ndaj kombeve tė pabindura po
    vazhdon tė vihet nė punė edhe nė ditėt e sotme nga
    administrata amerikane dhe qeveritė perėndimore nė
    pėrgjithėsi. Politika amerikane e terrorit nuklear ėshtė
    aktive edhe sot, kur Uashingtoni nė doktrinėn e tij
    militare nuk refuzon pėrdorimin e parė tė armėve nukleare
    nė konfliktet botėrore. Politika mė e fundme e
    administratės Bush parasheh pėrdorimin e armėve nukleare
    kundėr 'shteteve tė pabindura' dhe pėr kėtė po zhvillon
    edhe njė seri armėsh 'tė vogla' nukleare pėr pėrdorime
    nėpėr beteja.
    Pjesė e strategjisė amerikane dhe e aleatėve tė saj nė
    perėndim, qė strategjia e terrorit nuklear tė jetė sa mė
    efikase pėr perėndimin dhe aleatin e tij nė Lindjen e
    Mesme, Izraelin, ėshtė edhe moslejimi i shteteve tė botės
    sė tretė qė tė posedojnė armė tė shkatėrrimit nė masė, pasi
    nėse tė fundmet zotėrojnė armė tė kėtilla atėherė rregullat
    e lojės prishen, dhe hegjemonia ushtarake e perėndimit
    kundėr pjesės tjetėr tė botės nuk funksionin dot mė. Pėr
    hir tė kėsaj llogjike administrata Bush edhe pushtoi Irakun
    e Sadam Huseinit pasi presupozohej se Sadami ishte duke
    zhvilluar armė qė duhet tė jenė nė posedim vetėm tė njeriut
    tė bardhė kristjan apo shtetit tė Izraelit. Tendenca e
    perėndimorėve pėr t'ju dėnuar tė drejtėn popujve tė botės
    sė tretė qė tė posedojnė armė nukleare shihet nga sjellja
    qė perėndimi ka adoptuar kundėr Indisė dhe Pakistanit pasi
    tė dy shtetet e fundėm u deklaruan fuqi nukleare. Dėnimi i
    posedimit tė armės sė madhe, ėshtė ajo qė shtyu presidentit
    Bush tė fusė nė 'Aksin e sė Keqes' Iranin, Irakun dhe
    Korėnė e Veriut pėrpara nisjes sė luftės nė Irak. Nė vijim
    tė kėsaj llogjike, administrata amerikane po lėviz ēdo gur
    tė mundshėm qė tė mos lejojė koreano veriorėvė tė
    zhvillojnė industrinė nukleare, ndėrsa qeveritė e
    Gjermanisė, Britanisė sė Madhe dhe Francės i janė bashkuar
    korrit amerikan pėr tė ndėrshkuar Iranin, ndėrsa ky i
    fundit kėrkon tė zhvillojė industrinė nukleare pėr qėllime
    paqėsore. Edhe pse nė Lindjen e Mesme shteti i Izraelit
    mendohet tė posedojė disa qindra bomba atomike, ndaj tė
    fundit asnjė diplomaci perėndimore nuk merr guximin tė
    flasė, dhe Izraeli i vogėl tolerohet tė posedojė njė nga
    arsenalėt mė tė frikshėm tė Lindjes sė Mesme. Por nė rastin
    e Iranit, edhe kur teknologjia nukleare zhvillohet pėr
    qėllime paqėsore, kjo shihet si tabu pėr tė gjithė klikat
    perėndimore tė cilat janė tė vendosura qė muslimanėt ti
    shohin si subjekte dhe jo partnerė tė barabartė nė botė.
    Gjatė historisė sė kolonializmit, perėndimorėt kanė mėsuar
    tė jenė gjithnjė vigjėlentė dhe mos lejojnė nė asnjė moment
    qė popujt e nėnshtruar tė armatosen me armėt qė ata
    posedojnė. Si nė ditėt e rebelimit tė Mehdiut tė rremė nė
    Sudan, dervishėt e orientit janė tė dėnuar qė kur tė
    pėrballen me kolonizatorėt e tyre tė bardhė tė mbajnė vetėm
    shpata, ndėrsa njeriu i bardhė i perėndimit i rezervon
    vetes sė tij lluksin e posedimit tė Maksim Gunit dhe armėve
    tė tjera tė shkatėrrimit nė masė.
    "Ta duam "Shqiperine", si shqiptaret "Ameriken"

  4. #4
    Dash...me kembore Maska e Toro
    Anėtarėsuar
    26-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    CALIFORNIA
    Postime
    1,404
    Fatkeqesisht, per Jazexhinjte e sazexhinjte e forumit,sot mbas 60 vjetesh kane dale dhe dokumenta te reja ne pah qe tregojne se japonezet jo vetem nuk kishin ndermend te dorezoheshin, por kishin tejkaluar dhe parashikimet me te bujshme te ushtarakeve amerikane ne lidhje me mobilizimin e popullsise civile per zbarkimin amerikan. Sipas ketyre dokumenteve te deklasifikuara, japonezet vetem per mbrojtjen e ishullit Kiushu planifikonin te mobilizonin 1 milion ushtare ( nga 250 mije qe besonin amerikanet) , posedonin 2500 deri ne 3000 aeroplane ( nga 600-700 qe besonin atehere amerikanet) ! Po te krahasosh rezistencen japoneze ne Okinava, ku nga 108 mije ushtaret japoneze u vrane pothuajse te gjithe BASHKE ME POPULLSINE CIVILE ( shumica kreu vetevrasje qe te mos binin rob), vazhdimi i luftes do ti kushtonte Japonise rreth 2,5 milione-3 milione te vrare akoma. Ndersa amerikanet, sipas ushtarakeve me optimiste do te humbisnin dhe rreth 600 mije -700 mije ushtare te tjere per te kompletuar pushtimin e Japonise!

    Sot natyrisht Jazexhinjte e sazexhinjte flasin kaluar....por ne 1945 ne fakt bombat atomike shpetuan me teper jete se sa moren!
    "Who is John Galt?"

  5. #5
    Ku jane keto dukementa? .. tu japim nje sy dhe ne.

  6. #6
    Dash...me kembore Maska e Toro
    Anėtarėsuar
    26-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    CALIFORNIA
    Postime
    1,404
    Citim Postuar mė parė nga StterollA
    Ku jane keto dukementa? .. tu japim nje sy dhe ne.
    Urdhero! Me fal qe po ta postoj anglisht, por besoj se do e kesh mesuar dhe ti...lol


    Why Truman Dropped the Bomb
    From the August 8, 2005 issue: Sixty years after Hiroshima, we now have the secret intercepts that shaped his decision.
    by Richard B. Frank
    08/08/2005, Volume 010, Issue 44



    The sixtieth anniversary of Hiroshima seems to be shaping up as a subdued affair--though not for any lack of significance. A survey of news editors in 1999 ranked the dropping of the atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, first among the top one hundred stories of the twentieth century. And any thoughtful list of controversies in American history would place it near the top again. It was not always so. In 1945, an overwhelming majority of Americans regarded as a matter of course that the United States had used atomic bombs to end the Pacific war. They further believed that those bombs had actually ended the war and saved countless lives. This set of beliefs is now sometimes labeled by academic historians the "traditionalist" view. One unkindly dubbed it the "patriotic orthodoxy."
    But in the 1960s, what were previously modest and scattered challenges of the decision to use the bombs began to crystallize into a rival canon. The challengers were branded "revisionists," but this is inapt. Any historian who gains possession of significant new evidence has a duty to revise his appreciation of the relevant events. These challengers are better termed critics.
    The critics share three fundamental premises. The first is that Japan's situation in 1945 was catastrophically hopeless. The second is that Japan's leaders recognized that fact and were seeking to surrender in the summer of 1945. The third is that thanks to decoded Japanese diplomatic messages, American leaders knew that Japan was about to surrender when they unleashed needless nuclear devastation. The critics divide over what prompted the decision to drop the bombs in spite of the impending surrender, with the most provocative arguments focusing on Washington's desire to intimidate the Kremlin. Among an important stratum of American society--and still more perhaps abroad--the critics' interpretation displaced the traditionalist view.
    These rival narratives clashed in a major battle over the exhibition of the Enola Gay, the airplane from which the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, at the Smithsonian Institution in 1995. That confrontation froze many people's understanding of the competing views. Since then, however, a sheaf of new archival discoveries and publications has expanded our understanding of the events of August 1945. This new evidence requires serious revision of the terms of the debate. What is perhaps the most interesting feature of the new findings is that they make a case President Harry S. Truman deliberately chose not to make publicly in defense of his decision to use the bomb.
    When scholars began to examine the archival records in the 1960s, some intuited quite correctly that the accounts of their decision-making that Truman and members of his administration had offered in 1945 were at least incomplete. And if Truman had refused to disclose fully his thinking, these scholars reasoned, it must be because the real basis for his choices would undermine or even delegitimize his decisions. It scarcely seemed plausible to such critics--or to almost anyone else--that there could be any legitimate reason that the U.S. government would have concealed at the time, and would continue to conceal, powerful evidence that supported and explained the president's decisions.
    But beginning in the 1970s, we have acquired an array of new evidence from Japan and the United States. By far the most important single body of this new evidence consists of secret radio intelligence material, and what it highlights is the painful dilemma faced by Truman and his administration. In explaining their decisions to the public, they deliberately forfeited their best evidence. They did so because under the stringent security restrictions guarding radio intercepts, recipients of this intelligence up to and including the president were barred from retaining copies of briefing documents, from making any public reference to them whatsoever at the time or in their memoirs, and from retaining any record of what they had seen or what they had concluded from it. With a handful of exceptions, they obeyed these rules, both during the war and thereafter.
    Collectively, the missing information is known as The Ultra Secret of World War II (after the title of a breakthrough book by Frederick William Winterbotham published in 1974). Ultra was the name given to what became a vast and enormously efficient Allied radio intelligence organization, which secretly unveiled masses of information for senior policymakers. Careful listening posts snatched copies of millions of cryptograms from the air. Code breakers then extracted the true text. The extent of the effort is staggering. By the summer of 1945, Allied radio intelligence was breaking into a million messages a month from the Japanese Imperial Army alone, and many thousands from the Imperial Navy and Japanese diplomats.
    All of this effort and expertise would be squandered if the raw intercepts were not properly translated and analyzed and their disclosures distributed to those who needed to know. This is where Pearl Harbor played a role. In the aftermath of that disastrous surprise attack, Secretary of War Henry Stimson recognized that the fruits of radio intelligence were not being properly exploited. He set Alfred McCormack, a top-drawer lawyer with experience in handling complex cases, to the task of formulating a way to manage the distribution of information from Ultra. The system McCormack devised called for funneling all radio intelligence to a handful of extremely bright individuals who would evaluate the flood of messages, correlate them with all other sources, and then write daily summaries for policymakers.
    By mid-1942, McCormack's scheme had evolved into a daily ritual that continued to the end of the war--and is in essence the system still in effect today. Every day, analysts prepared three mimeographed newsletters. Official couriers toting locked pouches delivered one copy of each summary to a tiny list of authorized recipients around the Washington area. (They also retrieved the previous day's distribution, which was then destroyed except for a file copy.) Two copies of each summary went to the White House, for the president and his chief of staff. Other copies went to a very select group of officers and civilian officials in the War and Navy Departments, the British Staff Mission, and the State Department. What is almost as interesting is the list of those not entitled to these top-level summaries: the vice president, any cabinet official outside the select few in the War, Navy, and State Departments, anyone in the Office of Strategic Services or the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or anyone in the Manhattan Project building the atomic bomb, from Major General Leslie Groves on down.
    The three daily summaries were called the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary, the "Magic" Far East Summary, and the European Summary. ("Magic" was a code word coined by the U.S. Army's chief signal officer, who called his code breakers "magicians" and their product "Magic." The term "Ultra" came from the British and has generally prevailed as the preferred term among historians, but in 1945 "Magic" remained the American designation for radio intelligence, particularly that concerning the Japanese.) The "Magic" Diplomatic Summary covered intercepts from foreign diplomats all over the world. The "Magic" Far East Summary presented information on Japan's military, naval, and air situation. The European Summary paralleled the Far East summary in coverage and need not detain us. Each summary read like a newsmagazine. There were headlines and brief articles usually containing extended quotations from intercepts and commentary. The commentary was critical: Since no recipient retained any back issues, it was up to the editors to explain how each day's developments fitted into the broader picture.
    When a complete set of the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary for the war years was first made public in 1978, the text contained a large number of redacted (literally whited out) passages. The critics reasonably asked whether the blanks concealed devastating revelations. Release of a nonredacted complete set in 1995 disclosed that the redacted areas had indeed contained a devastating revelation--but not about the use of the atomic bombs. Instead, the redacted areas concealed the embarrassing fact that Allied radio intelligence was reading the codes not just of the Axis powers, but also of some 30 other governments, including allies like France.
    The diplomatic intercepts included, for example, those of neutral diplomats or attachés stationed in Japan. Critics highlighted a few nuggets from this trove in the 1978 releases, but with the complete release, we learned that there were only 3 or 4 messages suggesting the possibility of a compromise peace, while no fewer than 13 affirmed that Japan fully intended to fight to the bitter end. Another page in the critics' canon emphasized a squad of Japanese diplomats in Europe, from Sweden to the Vatican, who attempted to become peace entrepreneurs in their contacts with American officials. As the editors of the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary correctly made clear to American policymakers during the war, however, not a single one of these men (save one we will address shortly) possessed actual authority to act for the Japanese government.
    An inner cabinet in Tokyo authorized Japan's only officially sanctioned diplomatic initiative. The Japanese dubbed this inner cabinet the Big Six because it comprised just six men: Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki, Foreign Minister Shigenori Togo, Army Minister Korechika Anami, Navy Minister Mitsumasa Yonai, and the chiefs of staff of the Imperial Army (General Yoshijiro Umezu) and Imperial Navy (Admiral Soemu Toyoda). In complete secrecy, the Big Six agreed on an approach to the Soviet Union in June 1945. This was not to ask the Soviets to deliver a "We surrender" note; rather, it aimed to enlist the Soviets as mediators to negotiate an end to the war satisfactory to the Big Six--in other words, a peace on terms satisfactory to the dominant militarists. Their minimal goal was not confined to guaranteed retention of the Imperial Institution; they also insisted on preservation of the old militaristic order in Japan, the one in which they ruled.
    The conduit for this initiative was Japan's ambassador in Moscow, Naotake Sato. He communicated with Foreign Minister Togo--and, thanks to code breaking, with American policymakers. Ambassador Sato emerges in the intercepts as a devastating cross-examiner ruthlessly unmasking for history the feebleness of the whole enterprise. Sato immediately told Togo that the Soviets would never bestir themselves on behalf of Japan. The foreign minister could only insist that Sato follow his instructions. Sato demanded to know whether the government and the military supported the overture and what its legal basis was--after all, the official Japanese position, adopted in an Imperial Conference in June 1945 with the emperor's sanction, was a fight to the finish. The ambassador also demanded that Japan state concrete terms to end the war, otherwise the effort could not be taken seriously. Togo responded evasively that the "directing powers" and the government had authorized the effort--he did not and could not claim that the military in general supported it or that the fight-to-the-end policy had been replaced. Indeed, Togo added: "Please bear particularly in mind, however, that we are not seeking the Russians' mediation for anything like an unconditional surrender."
    This last comment triggered a fateful exchange. Critics have pointed out correctly that both Under Secretary of State Joseph Grew (the former U.S. ambassador to Japan and the leading expert on that nation within the government) and Secretary of War Henry Stimson advised Truman that a guarantee that the Imperial Institution would not be eliminated could prove essential to obtaining Japan's surrender. The critics further have argued that if only the United States had made such a guarantee, Japan would have surrendered. But when Foreign Minister Togo informed Ambassador Sato that Japan was not looking for anything like unconditional surrender, Sato promptly wired back a cable that the editors of the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary made clear to American policymakers "advocate[s] unconditional surrender provided the Imperial House is preserved." Togo's reply, quoted in the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary of July 22, 1945, was adamant: American policymakers could read for themselves Togo's rejection of Sato's proposal--with not even a hint that a guarantee of the Imperial House would be a step in the right direction. Any rational person following this exchange would conclude that modifying the demand for unconditional surrender to include a promise to preserve the Imperial House would not secure Japan's surrender.
    Togo's initial messages--indicating that the emperor himself endorsed the effort to secure Soviet mediation and was prepared to send his own special envoy--elicited immediate attention from the editors of the "Magic" Diplomatic Summary, as well as Under Secretary of State Grew. Because of Grew's documented advice to Truman on the importance of the Imperial Institution, critics feature him in the role of the sage counsel. What the intercept evidence discloses is that Grew reviewed the Japanese effort and concurred with the U.S. Army's chief of intelligence, Major General Clayton Bissell, that the effort most likely represented a ploy to play on American war weariness. They deemed the possibility that it manifested a serious effort by the emperor to end the war "remote." Lest there be any doubt about Grew's mindset, as late as August 7, the day after Hiroshima, Grew drafted a memorandum with an oblique reference to radio intelligence again affirming his view that Tokyo still was not close to peace.
    Starting with the publication of excerpts from the diaries of James Forrestal in 1951, the contents of a few of the diplomatic intercepts were revealed, and for decades the critics focused on these. But the release of the complete (unredacted) "Magic" Far East Summary, supplementing the Diplomatic Summary, in the 1990s revealed that the diplomatic messages amounted to a mere trickle by comparison with the torrent of military intercepts. The intercepts of Japanese Imperial Army and Navy messages disclosed without exception that Japan's armed forces were determined to fight a final Armageddon battle in the homeland against an Allied invasion. The Japanese called this strategy Ketsu Go (Operation Decisive). It was founded on the premise that American morale was brittle and could be shattered by heavy losses in the initial invasion. American politicians would then gladly negotiate an end to the war far more generous than unconditional surrender. Ultra was even more alarming in what it revealed about Japanese knowledge of American military plans. Intercepts demonstrated that the Japanese had correctly anticipated precisely where U.S. forces intended to land on Southern Kyushu in November 1945 (Operation Olympic). American planning for the Kyushu assault reflected adherence to the military rule of thumb that the attacker should outnumber the defender at least three to one to assure success at a reasonable cost. American estimates projected that on the date of the landings, the Japanese would have only three of their six field divisions on all of Kyushu in the southern target area where nine American divisions would push ashore. The estimates allowed that the Japanese would possess just 2,500 to 3,000 planes total throughout Japan to face Olympic. American aerial strength would be over four times greater.
    From mid-July onwards, Ultra intercepts exposed a huge military buildup on Kyushu. Japanese ground forces exceeded prior estimates by a factor of four. Instead of 3 Japanese field divisions deployed in southern Kyushu to meet the 9 U.S. divisions, there were 10 Imperial Army divisions plus additional brigades. Japanese air forces exceeded prior estimates by a factor of two to four. Instead of 2,500 to 3,000 Japanese aircraft, estimates varied between about 6,000 and 10,000. One intelligence officer commented that the Japanese defenses threatened "to grow to [the] point where we attack on a ratio of one (1) to one (1) which is not the recipe for victory."
    Concurrent with the publication of the radio intelligence material, additional papers of the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been released in the last decade. From these, it is clear that there was no true consensus among the Joint Chiefs of Staff about an invasion of Japan. The Army, led by General George C. Marshall, believed that the critical factor in achieving American war aims was time. Thus, Marshall and the Army advocated an invasion of the Home Islands as the fastest way to end the war. But the long-held Navy view was that the critical factor in achieving American war aims was casualties. The Navy was convinced that an invasion would be far too costly to sustain the support of the American people, and hence believed that blockade and bombardment were the sound course.
    The picture becomes even more complex than previously understood because it emerged that the Navy chose to postpone a final showdown over these two strategies. The commander in chief of the U.S. fleet, Admiral Ernest King, informed his colleagues on the Joint Chiefs of Staff in April 1945 that he did not agree that Japan should be invaded. He concurred only that the Joint Chiefs must issue an invasion order immediately to create that option for the fall. But King predicted that the Joint Chiefs would revisit the issue of whether an invasion was wise in August or September. Meanwhile, two months of horrendous fighting ashore on Okinawa under skies filled with kamikazes convinced the commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Chester Nimitz, that he should withdraw his prior support for at least the invasion of Kyushu. Nimitz informed King of this change in his views in strict confidence.
    In August, the Ultra revelations propelled the Army and Navy towards a showdown over the invasion. On August 7 (the day after Hiroshima, which no one expected to prompt a quick surrender), General Marshall reacted to weeks of gathering gloom in the Ultra evidence by asking General Douglas MacArthur, who was to command what promised to be the greatest invasion in history, whether invading Kyushu in November as planned still looked sensible. MacArthur replied, amazingly, that he did not believe the radio intelligence! He vehemently urged the invasion should go forward as planned. (This, incidentally, demolishes later claims that MacArthur thought the Japanese were about to surrender at the time of Hiroshima.) On August 9 (the day the second bomb was dropped, on Nagasaki), King gathered the two messages in the exchange between Marshall and MacArthur and sent them to Nimitz. King told Nimitz to provide his views on the viability of invading Kyushu, with a copy to MacArthur. Clearly, nothing that had transpired since May would have altered Nimitz's view that Olympic was unwise. Ultra now made the invasion appear foolhardy to everyone but MacArthur. But King had not placed a deadline on Nimitz's response, and the Japanese surrender on August 15 allowed Nimitz to avoid starting what was certain to be one of the most tumultuous interservice battles of the whole war.
    What this evidence illuminates is that one central tenet of the traditionalist view is wrong--but with a twist. Even with the full ration of caution that any historian should apply anytime he ventures comments on paths history did not take, in this instance it is now clear that the long-held belief that Operation Olympic loomed as a certainty is mistaken. Truman's reluctant endorsement of the Olympic invasion at a meeting in June 1945 was based in key part on the fact that the Joint Chiefs had presented it as their unanimous recommendation. (King went along with Marshall at the meeting, presumably because he deemed it premature to wage a showdown fight. He did comment to Truman that, of course, any invasion authorized then could be canceled later.) With the Navy's withdrawal of support, the terrible casualties in Okinawa, and the appalling radio-intelligence picture of the Japanese buildup on Kyushu, Olympic was not going forward as planned and authorized--period. But this evidence also shows that the demise of Olympic came not because it was deemed unnecessary, but because it had become unthinkable. It is hard to imagine anyone who could have been president at the time (a spectrum that includes FDR, Henry Wallace, William O. Douglas, Harry Truman, and Thomas Dewey) failing to authorize use of the atomic bombs in this circumstance. Japanese historians uncovered another key element of the story. After Hiroshima (August 6), Soviet entry into the war against Japan (August 8), and Nagasaki (August 9), the emperor intervened to break a deadlock within the government and decide that Japan must surrender in the early hours of August 10. The Japanese Foreign Ministry dispatched a message to the United States that day stating that Japan would accept the Potsdam Declaration, "with the understanding that the said declaration does not comprise any demand which prejudices the prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler." This was not, as critics later asserted, merely a humble request that the emperor retain a modest figurehead role. As Japanese historians writing decades after the war emphasized, the demand that there be no compromise of the "prerogatives of His Majesty as a Sovereign Ruler" as a precondition for the surrender was a demand that the United States grant the emperor veto power over occupation reforms and continue the rule of the old order in Japan. Fortunately, Japan specialists in the State Department immediately realized the actual purpose of this language and briefed Secretary of State James Byrnes, who insisted properly that this maneuver must be defeated. The maneuver further underscores the fact that right to the very end, the Japanese pursued twin goals: not only the preservation of the imperial system, but also preservation of the old order in Japan that had launched a war of aggression that killed 17 million.
    This brings us to another aspect of history that now very belatedly has entered the controversy. Several American historians led by Robert Newman have insisted vigorously that any assessment of the end of the Pacific war must include the horrifying consequences of each continued day of the war for the Asian populations trapped within Japan's conquests. Newman calculates that between a quarter million and 400,000 Asians, overwhelmingly noncombatants, were dying each month the war continued. Newman et al. challenge whether an assessment of Truman's decision can highlight only the deaths of noncombatant civilians in the aggressor nation while ignoring much larger death tolls among noncombatant civilians in the victim nations.
    There are a good many more points that now extend our understanding beyond the debates of 1995. But it is clear that all three of the critics' central premises are wrong. The Japanese did not see their situation as catastrophically hopeless. They were not seeking to surrender, but pursuing a negotiated end to the war that preserved the old order in Japan, not just a figurehead emperor. Finally, thanks to radio intelligence, American leaders, far from knowing that peace was at hand, understood--as one analytical piece in the "Magic" Far East Summary stated in July 1945, after a review of both the military and diplomatic intercepts--that "until the Japanese leaders realize that an invasion can not be repelled, there is little likelihood that they will accept any peace terms satisfactory to the Allies." This cannot be improved upon as a succinct and accurate summary of the military and diplomatic realities of the summer of 1945.
    The displacement of the so-called traditionalist view within important segments of American opinion took several decades to accomplish. It will take a similar span of time to displace the critical orthodoxy that arose in the 1960s and prevailed roughly through the 1980s, and replace it with a richer appreciation for the realities of 1945. But the clock is ticking.
    Richard B. Frank, a historian of World War II, is the author of Downfall: The End of the Imperial Japanese Empire.


    © Copyright 2005, News Corporation, Weekly Standard, All Rights Reserved.
    "Who is John Galt?"

  7. #7
    Authentic Maska e DeuS
    Anėtarėsuar
    08-06-2003
    Postime
    2,319
    Citim Postuar mė parė nga Toro
    Sot natyrisht Jazexhinjte e sazexhinjte flasin kaluar....por ne 1945 ne fakt bombat atomike shpetuan me teper jete se sa moren!
    Plotesisht dakort!
    Jo me larg se e merkura e pashe te tere emisionin televiziv qe fliste rreth fakteve, historise, motiveve, qellimit dhe rezultateve te bombes se hedhur ne Hiroshime dhe Nagasaki!

    Bomben nuk e hodhen amerikanet, por japonezet!
    Jam kureshtar te dija sesi do reagonin keto qe kritikojne Ameriken, sikur te ndodheshin perballe te njejtit vendim (aq fatal) qe Truman-it iu desh te ndermerrte?!

    Ishte tmerr qe iu be njeriut nga njeriu? Po!
    Ishte i drejte? Absolutisht, PO!

    Thjeshte mendimi im...

  8. #8
    i/e larguar
    Anėtarėsuar
    30-05-2004
    Vendndodhja
    Ministria e Mbrojtjes Se Republikes Demokratike te Shqiperise
    Postime
    1,499
    Shume po e degjoj kete "Sazexhiun" vetem titulli "Ambasador Spiritual i Bin Ladenit" i mungon ketij personi.
    Po dal nga tema por a nuk ishin amerikanet 1 jave mbas kapitullimit te Gjermanise dogjen me fosfor te gjalle gjysmen e popullsise se Dresdenit? Ktheu ne te njejten kohe se Dresdeni a nuk ishin Japonezet qe u hodhen si Mohhamed Atta ne Pearl Harbor?

    Oh shucks! Avionet nuk ishin njelloj atehere.

    Sulmove do paguash cmimin ai/ata qe sulmove do te jape si "shperblim" biles sa e kerkon ai/ata! Pike!

    Myslymanet do benin mire te kooperonin me autoritetet amerikane/angleze ne luften e terrorizmit ne ato vende. Deri tani asnje nuk e ka bere. Kjo i jep nje shije te hidhur Islamit/Myslymaneve dhe pa frike them se i ben ata te urrehen nga nje pjese e popullsive te ketyre vendeve.

  9. #9
    Hey, how do i look? Maska e Aragorn I
    Anėtarėsuar
    20-09-2003
    Vendndodhja
    Your five years in solitary confinement are at an end. You've paid part of your debt to France.
    Postime
    323
    Vendimi s'ka se si te kete qene i drejte... jo nje dokument te prezantosh, jo ta kthesh e ta shohesh nga 500 kende... ai vendim ishte krim ndaj njerezimit, dhe jo i drejte. Edhe sikur, vendimi i hedhjes se bombes te kete qene per nje qellim te vetem - perfundimin e luftes... eshte nje vendim qe nuk merr parasysh ata te cilet do te sheshohen... e rrjedhimisht s'ka se si te kete qene i drejte. Pra edhe sikur... por as sikur nuk ishte.

    Sot mund te thuash se bombat shpetuan me shume se vrane... that's patronising and irrelevant... ti s'ja kishe idene se c'fare do ndodhte direkt pas hedhjes se bombes, e jo me me pas... pasi ishte me shume nje eksperiment se sa arme.

    C'fare eshte e habitshme per mua... nuk eshte fakti se bomba u hodh, sepse krime si kto jane normale... amerika u kthye prape ne azi e vrau 2 milione vietnameze... edhe se lloj lloj teorirash e dokumentaresh e studimesh e zbulimesh dalin ne pah pas tyre, edhe kto jane normale... me qellim per te justifikuar ose shpjeguar se c'fare ndodhi... ajo qe me habit, eshte se sa efektive kto studime e dokumentare e teorira jane... te bejne dike te mos shoh faktet... te mos kete mundesine te arsyetoj e llogjikoj ne menyre te pavarur!

    Nese je subjektiv ndaj nje fare ceshtje, dije se ke per te gjetur ide e argumente plote per ta mborjtur. Pak a shume si puna e dashit (me kembore...) sa me shume lesh te kete aq me shume rrodhe ka per te mbledhur rruges...! E theksoj rodhet sepse dashi s'e kupton qe duke u ferkuar neper ferra merr rodhe, e po s'qe per dike tjeter t'ja heqi (duke i futur nje te qethur) ka per t'i ngarkuar perhere me vete...!
    Nga halli,
    derrit i thuhet dajo.

    Ndjesė pastė nėna e shtrenjtė..
    Sa shumė vėllezėr paska patur!

  10. #10
    i/e larguar
    Anėtarėsuar
    30-05-2004
    Vendndodhja
    Ministria e Mbrojtjes Se Republikes Demokratike te Shqiperise
    Postime
    1,499
    that's patronising and irrelevant... ti s'ja kishe idene se c'fare do ndodhte direkt pas hedhjes se bombes, e jo me me pas...
    ahahahahahahahahahahahaha oh admiroj sa thjeshte i shikon gjerat.
    asnje gje nuk eshte e thjeshte as molekulat e tua asgje por vetem komplekse. vetem duke i shikuar gjerat ne kompleksitetin "me fantazues" te cilin ti krijon ke qindra dyer te hapura per rrugzgjidhjeje. eshte art. ja qe mbas hedhjes se bombes japonia kapitulloi pa kushte.

    ti kishi ndonje mendim te ngeli ndonje gje peng nga WWII?

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