Lista e shkencetare musliman (ENGLISH)

[IslamInfo]

List of Muslim scientists
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Islamic science has played a significant role in the history of science. There have been hundreds of notable Muslim scientists that have made a great contribution to civilization and society. The following is an incomplete list of notable Muslim scientists.
Contents
[hide]

1 Astronomers and astrophysicists
2 Chemists and alchemists
3 Economists and social scientists
4 Geographers and earth scientists
5 Mathematicians
6 Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
7 Physicians and surgeons
8 Physicists and engineers
9 Political scientists
10 Other scientists and inventors
11 References

[edit] Astronomers and astrophysicists
Main article: List of Muslim astronomers
Further information: Islamic astronomy

Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Yaqūb ibn Tāriq
Ibrahim al-Fazari
Muhammad al-Fazari
Naubakht
Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Al-Farghani
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
Abu Sa'id Gorgani
Kushyar ibn Labban
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Al-Mahani
Al-Marwazi
Al-Nayrizi
Al-Saghani
Al-Farghani
Abu Nasr Mansur
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi)
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Yunus
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
Averroes
Al-Jazari
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Anvari
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Ibn al-Shatir
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
Ahmad Nahavandi
Haly Abenragel
Abolfadl Harawi
Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[1][2]
Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[3]
Sultan bin Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Muhammed Faris
Abdul Ahad Mohmand
Talgat Musabayev
Anousheh Ansari
Amir Ansari
Sultana Nurun Nahar, specialist in atomic astrophysics and spectroscopy

[edit] Chemists and alchemists
Further information: Alchemy (Islam)

Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Jābir ibn Hayyān (Geber), father of chemistry[4][5][6]
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Al-Majriti
Ibn Miskawayh
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna
Al-Khazini
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn Khaldun
Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
Al-Khwārizmī, Father of Al-Gabra, (Mathematics)
Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[7]
Mostafa El-Sayed
Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry

[edit] Economists and social scientists
Further information: Islamic sociology, Early Muslim sociology, and Islamic economics in the world
See also: List of Muslim historians and Historiography of early Islam

Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), economist
Abu Yusuf (731-798), economist
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius) (873–950), economist
Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[8]
Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[9] and father of Indology[10]
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[11] such as demography,[12] cultural history,[13] historiography,[14] philosophy of history,[15] sociology[12][15] and economics[16][17]
Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[18][19]

[edit] Geographers and earth scientists
Further information: Muslim Agricultural Revolution

Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[20]
Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[21]
Ibn Al-Jazzar
Al-Tamimi
Al-Masihi
Ali ibn Ridwan
Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
Ahmad ibn Fadlan
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, father of geodesy,[9][12] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[9]
Avicenna
Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
Averroes
Ibn al-Nafis
Ibn Jubayr
Ibn Battuta
Ibn Khaldun
Piri Reis
Evliya Çelebi
Zaghloul El-Naggar

[edit] Mathematicians

Further information: Islamic mathematics: Biographies

Al-Hajjāj ibn Yūsuf ibn Matar
Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Algorismi) - father of algebra[22] and algorithms[23]
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk
Abū al-Hasan ibn Alī al-Qalasādī (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[24]
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam
Al-Abbās ibn Said al-Jawharī
Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa)
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Mahani
Ahmed ibn Yusuf
Al-Majriti
Muhammad ibn Jābir al-Harrānī al-Battānī (Albatenius)
Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
Al-Khalili
Al-Nayrizi
Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin
Brethren of Purity
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
Al-Saghani
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī
Ibn Sahl
Al-Sijzi
Ibn Yunus
Abu Nasr Mansur
Kushyar ibn Labban
Al-Karaji
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
Al-Nasawi
Al-Jayyani
Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel)
Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
Omar Khayyám
Al-Khazini
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
Al-Marrakushi
Al-Samawal
Averroes
Avicenna
Hunayn ibn Ishaq
Ibn al-Banna'
Ibn al-Shatir
Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Muḥyi al-Dīn al-Maghribī
Maryam Mirzakhani
Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
Qāḍī Zāda al-Rūmī
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
Shams al-Dīn al-Samarqandī
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
Ulugh Beg

Lotfi Asker Zadeh, Azerbaijanian computer scientist; founder of Fuzzy Mathematics and fuzzy set theory[25][26]
Cumrun Vafa

[edit] Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
Further information: Islamic psychological thought

Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[27]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[28]
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[30] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[31]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[32]
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[32]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[33]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[34]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, pioneer of reaction time[35]
Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[36] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[37]
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[33]
Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[33]
Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[38]
Mir Sajad,Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.[39][40]

[edit] Physicians and surgeons
Main article: Muslim doctors
Further information: Islamic medicine

Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
Jafar al-Sadiq
Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[41]
Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[42]
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[29]
Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[43]
Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[44]
Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[45]
Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[33] craniotomy,[44] hematology[46] and dental surgery[47]
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[48] and visual perception[49]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī
Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[50] founder of Unani medicine,[46] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[51] aromatherapy,[52] pulsology and sphygmology,[53] and also a philosopher
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
Ibn Miskawayh
Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[54] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[55] and tracheotomy[56]
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
Averroes
Ibn al-Baitar
Ibn Jazla
Nasir al-Din Tusi
Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[57] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[58] pulsology and sphygmology[59]
Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology[44]
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
Mansur ibn Ilyas
Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
Toffy Musivand
Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[60]
Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[61][62]
Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon

[edit] Physicists and engineers
Further information: Islamic physics

Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
Banū Mūsā (Ben Mousa), 9th century
Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Ahmad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Al-Hasan ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir
Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
Al-Saghani, 10th century
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (Kuhi), 10th century
Ibn Sahl, 10th century
Ibn Yunus, 10th century
Al-Karaji, 10th century
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[63] pioneer of scientific method[64] and experimental physics,[65] considered the "first scientist"[66]
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[67]
Avicenna, 11th century
Al-Khazini, 12th century
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
Averroes, 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[6]
Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī, 13th century
Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
Tipu Sultan, 18th century Indian mechanician
Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
Abdel Nasser Tawfik, Egyptian-born German particle physicist
Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program

[edit] Political scientists

Syed Qutb
Abul Ala Maududi
Hasan al-Turabi
Hassan al-Banna
Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
Necmettin Erbakan
M. A. Muqtedar Khan

[edit] Other scientists and inventors

Azizul Haque
Mohammad Sharif Chattar

[IL__SANTO]

po ti mor burr po te mos kercet,pse hyne ke tema,injoroje thjesht,dhe eshte paqe per e gjithe

Sepse jam anti paqe kur vihet budallalleku para shkences.

[teta]

Gjithe zbulimet e medha qe jane bere dihen zanafillat dhe historiku e tyre, si eshte arritur deri te zbulimi (avancimi) final por askun nuk permenden shkenctaret musliman qe pretendojne ketu ca antar musliman, prandaj kerkova argument pakten "zanafillat e ndonje zbulimi te rendesishem" qe kam kerkuar edhe disa here me heret dhe asnje argument. Vetem fjale boshe tere kohen shohim.

List of works
This is the list of some of Avicenna's well-known works:[89][90]
Sirat al-shaykh al-ra’is (The Life of Ibn Sina), ed. and trans. WE. Gohlman, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1974. (The only critical edition of Ibn Sina’s autobiography, supplemented with material from a biography by his student Abu ‘Ubayd al-Juzjani. A more recent translation of the Autobiography appears in D. Gutas, Avicenna and the Aristotelian Tradition: Introduction to Reading Avicenna’s Philosophical Works, Leiden: Brill, 1988.)[89]
Al-Isharat wa-‘l-tanbihat (Remarks and Admonitions), ed. S. Dunya, Cairo, 1960; parts translated by S.C. Inati, Remarks and Admonitions, Part One: Logic, Toronto, Ont.: Pontifical Institute for Mediaeval Studies, 1984, and Ibn Sina and Mysticism, Remarks and Admonitions: Part 4, London: Kegan Paul International, 1996.[89]
Al-Qanun fi’l-tibb (The Canon of Medicine), ed. I. a-Qashsh, Cairo, 1987. (Encyclopedia of medicine.)[89]
Risalah fi sirr al-qadar (Essay on the Secret of Destiny), trans. G. Hourani in Reason and Tradition in Islamic Ethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.[89]
Danishnama-i ‘ala’i (The Book of Scientific Knowledge), ed. and trans. P Morewedge, The Metaphysics of Avicenna, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1973.[89]
Kitab al-Shifa’ (The Book of Healing). (Ibn Sina’s major work on philosophy. He probably began to compose al-Shifa’ in 1014, and completed it in 1020.) Critical editions of the Arabic text have been published in Cairo, 1952–83, originally under the supervision of I. Madkour[89]
Kitab al-Najat (The Book of Salvation), trans. F. Rahman, Avicenna’s Psychology: An English Translation of Kitab al-Najat, Book II, Chapter VI with Historical-philosophical Notes and Textual Improvements on the Cairo Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1952. (The psychology of al-Shifa’.)
Hayy ibn Yaqdhan a Persian myth. A novel called Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, based on Avicenna's story, was later written by Ibn Tufail (Abubacer) in the 12th century and translated into Latin and English as Philosophus Autodidactus in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively. In the 13th century, Ibn al-Nafis wrote his own novel Fadil ibn Natiq, known as Theologus Autodidactus in the West, as a critical response to Hayy ibn Yaqdhan.[91]


kur u be rexhistrimi i popullesis ne Kosove, e kam bind tere lagjen te mos deklarohen per perkatesin fetare,kemi pas gjate historise se popullit tone gjithfar konfliktesh,pos kesaj fetare,si keni filluar nuk do zgjas shum dhe edhe kjo shpejt do ndodhi..

feja e shqipetarit eshte shqiptaria


http://www.avicenagroup.com/ paramendo ne san francisko nje grup medicinal paska emrin Avicena....a thua pse?!...sigurisht se tingellon bukur me shum zanore emri...apo apo pse e kan zgjedhur?...edhe musliman edhe nuk cenkan komplexuar fare qe ne mes te amerikes te quhen ashtu...sigurisht e ka merituar me dicka ne medicine...

[Kandy*]

Gjithe zbulimet e medha qe jane bere dihen zanafillat dhe historiku e tyre, si eshte arritur deri te zbulimi (avancimi) final por askun nuk permenden shkenctaret musliman qe pretendojne ketu ca antar musliman, prandaj kerkova argument pakten "zanafillat e ndonje zbulimi te rendesishem" qe kam kerkuar edhe disa here me heret dhe asnje argument. Vetem fjale boshe tere kohen shohim.

Ja nje leksion per ju qe keni kete mendim:

[teta]

8th century

8th - 9th century - [cosmetics] Ziriyab (Blackbird) starts a beauty institute in Spain.
740 - 828 - [] Al-Ama'i, Zoology, Botany, Animal Husbandry.
770 - 840 - [mathematics] Kharazmi (Persian: خوارزمي, in Arabic became الخوارزمي al-Khwarizmi, Latinized name, Algorithm). Developed the "calculus of resolution and juxtaposition" (hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala), more briefly referred to as al-jabr, or algebra. [1] gives an idea on the utility of this development: "Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed rational numbers, irrational numbers, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as "algebraic objects". It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before. As Rashed writes in [2] (see also [3]):- Al-Khwarizmi's successors undertook a systematic application of arithmetic to algebra, algebra to arithmetic, both to trigonometry, algebra to the Euclidean theory of numbers, algebra to geometry, and geometry to algebra. This was how the creation of polynomial algebra, combinatorial analysis, numerical analysis, the numerical solution of equations, the new elementary theory of numbers, and the geometric construction of equations arose."
776 - 868 - [zoology; language] 'Amr ibn Bahr Al-Jahiz. Zoology, Arabic grammar, rhetoric, lexicography.
late 8th century - early 9th century - [music] Mansour Zalzal of Kufa. Musician (luth) and composer of the Abbasid era. Contributed musical scales that were later named after him (the Mansouri scale) and introduced positions (intervals) within scales such as the wasati-zalzal that was equidistant from the alwasati alqadima and wasati al-fors. Made improvements on the design of the luth instrument and designed the Luth. Teacher of Is-haq al-Mawsili.
[edit]9th century

800 - 873 - [various] Ibn Ishaq Al-Kindi (latinized, Alkindus.) Philosophy, Physics, Optics, Medicine, Mathematics, Cryptography, Metallurgy. Worked at the House of Wisdom which was set up in 810.
803 - [chemistry; glass] d. Abu-Moussa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized name, Geber,). Famous Persian chemist. First chemist known to produce sulfuric acid, as well as many other chemicals and instruments. Wrote on adding color to glass by adding small quantities of metallic oxides to the glass, such as manganese dioxide (magnesia). This was a new advancement in glass industry unknown in antiquity. His works include "The elaboration of the Grand Elixir"; "The chest of wisdom" in which he writes on nitric acid; Kitab al-istitmam (translated to Latin later as Summa Perfectionis); and others.
ca. 810 Bayt al-Hikma (House of Wisdom) set up in Baghdad. There Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomy works are translated into Arabic.
820 - [mathematics] Mahani (full name Abu Abdollah Muhammad ibn Isa Mahani - in Arabic Al-Mahani). Conceived the idea of reducing geometrical problems such as duplicating the cube to problems in algebra. [1]
836 - 901 [anatomy; astronomy; mathematics; mechanics] Born Thabit Ibn Qurra (latinized, Thebit.) Studied at Baghdad's House of Wisdom under the Banu Musa brothers. Made many contributions to mathematics, particularly in geometry and number theory. He discovered the theorem by which pairs of amicable numbers can be found; i.e., two numbers such that each is the sum of the proper divisors of the other.[1] Later, al-Baghdadi (b. 980) and al-Haytham (born 965) developed variants of the theorem.
838 - 870 - Tabari (full name: Ali ibn Sahl Rabban Al-Tabari). Medicine, Mathematics, Calligraphy, Literature. [4]
mid 9th century - [chemistry] Al-Kindi writes on the distillation of wine as that of rose water and gives 107 recipes for perfumes, in his book Kitab Kimia al-`otoor wa al-tas`eedat (book of the chemistry of perfumes and distillations.)
850 - 930 [mathematics] born Abu Kamil of Egypt (full name, Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam ibn Muhammad ibn Shuja) Forms an important link in the development of algebra between al-Khwarizmi and al-Karaji. Despite not using symbols, but writing powers of x in words, he had begun to understand what we would write in symbols as .[1]
858 - 929 - [astronomy - mathematics] Al-Battani (Albategnius) Works on astronomy, trigonometry etc.
ca. 860 - Al-Farghani (Al-Fraganus) Astronomy, Civil engineering.
864 - 930 - [chemistry; medicine; ...] Razi (Rhazes) Medicine, Ophthalmology, Smallpox, Chemistry, Astronomy. Al-Razi wrote on Naft (naphta or petroleum) and its distillates in his book "Kitab sirr al-asrar" (book of the secret of secrets.) When choosing a site to build Baghdad's hospital, he hung pieces of fresh meat in different parts of the city. The location where the meat took the longest to rot was the one he chose for building the hospital. Advocated that patients not be told their real condition so that fear or despair do not affect the healing process. Wrote on alkali, caustic soda, soap and glycerine. Gave descriptions of equipment processes and methods in his book Kitab al-Asrar (book of secrets) in 925.
870 - 950 - Farabi (Al-Pharabius) Sociology, Logic, Philosophy, Political science, Music.
888 - [various] Died 'Abbas Ibn Firnas. Mechanics of Flight, Planetarium, Artificial Crystals. Ibn Firnas investigated means of flight and was apparently injured due to a trial in which he attempted to fly off of a cliff using wings. One of the earliest records of attempts at flight.

9th century - [chemistry; petroleum] Oilfields in Baku, Azerbaijan, generate commercial activities and industry. These oilfields, were wells are dug to get the Naft (or naphta, or crude petroleum) are described by geographer Masudi in the 10th century and by Marco Polo in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.
[edit]10th century

10th century [mathematics; accounting] By this century, three systems of counting are used in the Arab world. Finger-reckoning arithmetic, with numerals written entirely in words, used by the business community; the sexagesimal system, a remnant originating with the Babylonians, with numerals denoted by letters of the arabic alphabet and used by Arab mathematicians in astronomical work; and the indian numeral system, which was used with various sets of symbols [1]. Its arithmetic at first required the use of a dust board (a sort of handheld blackboard) because "the methods required moving the numbers around in the calculation and rubbing some out as the calculation proceeded." Al-Uqlidisi (born 920) modified these methods for pen and paper use [1].
903 - 986 [astronomy] Al-Sufi (latinized name, Azophi).
920 [mathematics] Born al-Uqlidisi. Modified arithmetic methods for the Indian numeral system to make it possible for pen and paper use. Hitherto, doing calculations with the Indian numerals necessitated the use of a dust board as noted earlier.
936 - 1013 [medicine] Al-Zahrawi (latinized name, Albucasis) Surgery, Medicine. Called the "Father of Modern Surgery." [4]
940 - 997 [astronomy; mathematics] Muhammad Al-Buzjani. Mathematics, Astronomy, Geometry, Trigonometry.
940 [mathematics] Born Abu'l-Wafa al-Buzjani. Wrote several treatises using the finger-counting system of arithmetic, and was also an expert on the Indian numerals system. About the Indian system he wrote: "[it] did not find application in business circles and among the population of the Eastern Caliphate for a long time." [1] Using the Indian numeral system, abu'l Wafa was able to extract roots.
953 [mathematics] Born al-Karaji of Karaj and Baghdad (full name, Abu Bekr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Husayn Al-Karaji or al-Karkhi). Believed to be the "first person to completely free algebra from geometrical operations and to replace them with the arithmetical type of operations which are at the core of algebra today. He was first to define the monomials x, x2, x3, ... and 1 / x, 1 / x2, 1 / x3, ... and to give rules for products of any two of these. He started a school of algebra which flourished for several hundreds of years" [1]. Discovered the binomial theorem for integer exponents. [1] states that this "was a major factor in the development of numerical analysis based on the decimal system."
957 [geography; cartography; exploration; chemistry] died Abul Hasan Ali Al-Masudi, best known as a cartographer, was also a traveler historian, etc. Al-mas`oudi described his visit to the oilfields of Baku. Wrote on the reaction of alkali water with zaj (vitriol) water giving sulfuric acid.
965 - 1040 [mathematics; optics; physics] Born ibn al-Haitham (full name, ; latinized name, Alhazen). Possibly the first to classify all even perfect numbers (i.e., numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors) as those of the form 2k − 1(2k − 1) where 2k − 1 is prime number [1]. Al-Haytham is also the first person to state Wilson's theorem. if p is prime than 1 + (p − 1)! is divisible by p. [1] says "It is called Wilson's theorem because of a comment by Waring in 1770 that John Wilson had noticed the result. There is no evidence that Wilson knew how to prove it. It was over 750 years later that Lagrange gave the first known proof to the statement in 1771.[1]
972 - 1058 [humanities] Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) Political science, Sociology, Jurisprudence, Ethics.
973 - 1048 [mathematics; physics] Abu Raihan Al-Biruni; Astronomy, Mathematics. Determined Earth's circumference.
980 [mathematics] Born al-Baghdadi (full name, ). Studied a slight variant of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem on amicable numbers.[1] Al-Baghdadi also wrote texts comparing the three systems of counting and arithmetic used in the region during this period. Made improvements on the decimal system.
981 - 1037 [astronomy; mathematics; medicine; philosophy] Ibn Sina (Avicenna); Medicine, Philosophy, Mathematics, Astronomy
11th century

1044 or 1048 - 1123 [mathematics] Omar Al-Khayyam. Persian mathematician and poet. "Gave a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. Khayyam also wrote that he hoped to give a full description of the algebraic solution of cubic equations in a later work: 'If the opportunity arises and I can succeed, I shall give all these fourteen forms with all their branches and cases, and how to distinguish whatever is possible or impossible so that a paper, containing elements which are greatly useful in this art will be prepared.' " [1]. Extracted roots using the decimal system (the Indian numeral system). There is dispute whether the Maqamat, a famous diwan of poetry translated to English are actually his work.
1058 - 1111 [law; theology] Al-Ghazali (Algazel), judge and prolific thinker and writer on topis such as sociology, theology and philosophy. He critiqued the so-called Greek philosophers Ibn Sina, aka Avicenna and al-Farabi, aka Farabius. Wrote extensive expositions on Islamic tenets and foundations of jurisprudence. Also critiqued the Muslim scholastics (al-mutakallimun.) Was associated with sufism but he later critiqued it as well.
1091 - 1161 [medicine] Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) Surgery, Medicine.
1099 - 1166 [cartography;geography] Muhammad Al-Idrisi (Dreses)
12th century

1100 - 1166 (AH 493 - 560) [cartography, geography] Muhammad al-Idrissi, aka Idris al-Saqalli aka al-sharif al-idrissi of Andalusia and Sicily. Said to draw the first correct map of the world "lawh al-tarsim" (plank of draught). Roger II of Sicily commemorated his world map on a circle of silver weighing about 400 pounds. Works include Nozhat al-mushtaq fi ikhtiraq al-&agrav;faq dedicated to Roger II of Sicily, which is a compendium of the geographic and sociologic knowledge of his time as well as descriptions of his own travels illustrated with over seventy maps; Kharitat al-`alam al-ma`mour min al-ard (Map of the inhabited regions of the earth) wherein he divided the world into 7 regions, the first extending from the equator to 23 degrees latitude, and the seventh being from 54 to 63 degrees followed by a region uninhabitable due to cold and snow.
1106 - 1138 [polymath] Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Yahya (Ibn Bajjah) Philosophy, Medicine, Mathematics, Astronomy, Poetry, Music.
1110 - 1185 [literature, philosophy] Abdubacer Ibn Tufayl of Spain. Philosophy, medicine, poetry, fiction. His most famous work is Hayy ibn Yaqzan, which is a spiritual investigation into the reality of the world narrated by a man who was raised from infancy by a roe or gazelle.
1128 - 1198 [philosophy] Ibn Rushd (Averroes) Philosophy, Law, Medicine, Astronomy, Theology.
1130 [mathematics] Born al-Samawal. An important member of al-Karaji's school of algebra. Gave this definition of algebra: "[it is concerned] with operating on unknowns using all the arithmetical tools, in the same way as the arithmetician operates on the known." [1]
1135 [mathematics] Born Sharafeddin Tusi. Follows al-Khayyam's application of algebra of geometry, rather than follow the general development that came through al-Karaji's school of algebra. Wrote a treatise on cubic equations which [3] describes thus: "[the treatise] represents an essential contribution to another algebra which aimed to study curves by means of equations, thus inaugurating the beginning of algebraic geometry." (quoted in [1]).
[edit]13th century

13th century - [medicine; scientific method] Ibn Al-Nafis b. ca. 607AH, d. ca. 689AH. Damascene physician and anatomist. Discovered the lesser circulatory system (the cycle involving the ventricles of the heart and the lungs), and described the mechanism of breathing and its relation to the blood and how it nourishes on air in the lungs. Followed a "constructivist" path of the smaller circulatory system: "blood is purified in the lungs for the continuance of life and providing the body with the ability to work". During his time, the common view was that blood originates in the liver then travels to the right ventricle, then on to the organs of the body; another contemporary view was that blood is filtered through the diaphragm where it mixes with the air coming from the lungs. Ibn al-Nafis discredited all these views including ones by Galen and Avicenna (ibn Sina). At least an illustration of his manuscript is still extant. William Harvey explained the circulatory system without reference to ibn al-Nafis in 1628. Ibn al-Nafis extolled the study of comparative anatomy in his "Explaining the dissection of [Avicenna's] Al-Qanoon" which includes a prefaces, and citations of sources. Emphasized the rigours of verification by measurement, observation and experiment. Subjected conventional wisdom of his time to a critical review and verified it with experiment and observation, discarding errors.
13th century - [chemistry] Al-Jawbari describes the preparation of rose water in the work "Book of Selected Disclosure of Secrets" (Kitab kashf al-Asrar).
13th century - [chemistry; materials; glassmaking] Arabic manuscript on the manufacture of false gemstones and diamonds. Also describes spirits of alum, spirits of saltpetre and spirits of salts (hydrochloric acid).
13th century - [chemistry] An Arabic manuscript written in syriac script gives description of various chemical materials and their properties such as sulfuric acid, sal-ammoniac, saltpetre and zaj (vitriol).
1201 - 1274 - [astronomy; mathematics] Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi; Astronomy, Non-Euclidean geometry.
1204 [astronomy] Died, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius.)
1207 - 1273 [sociology; poetry; spirituality] Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi, one of the best known persian passion poets, famous for poignant poetry on the theme of spiritual enlightenment and passion.
1213 - 1288[anatomy] Ibn Al-Nafis al-Damishqui.
1248 - [pharmacy; veterinary medicine] Died Ibn Al-Baitar. Studied and wrote on botany, pharmacy and is best known for studying animal anatomy and medicine. The Arabic term for veterinary medicine is named after him.
1260 [mathematics] Born al-Farisi. Gave a new proof of Thabit ibn Qurra's theorem, introducing important new ideas concerning factorization and combinatorial methods. He also gave the pair of amicable numbers 17296, 18416 which have also been joint attributed to Fermat as well as Thabit ibn Qurra.[1]
1273 - 1331 [astronomy; geography; history] Abu al-Fida (Abulfeda).
14th century

1301 - [ceramics] Al-Kashani promotes a center for ceramics. He also writes a book on Islamic ceramics techniques. His name is still associated with ceramics in the Muslim Orient today.
1304 - 1369 [exploration; travel] Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Battuta; World Traveler. 75,000 mile voyage from Morocco to China and back.
1332 - 1395 [history; political science; humanities] Ibn Khaldun. Sociology, Philosophy of History, general science, Political Science. His most famous work, al-Muqqadima (Prolegomena), encyclopedic in breadth, surveys the state of knowledge of his day, covering geography, accounts of the peoples of the world and their known history, the classification and aims of the sciences and the religious sciences.
1380 [mathematics] Born al-Kashi. According to [1], "contributed to the development of decimal fractions not only for approximating algebraic numbers, but also for real numbers such as pi. His contribution to decimal fractions is so major that for many years he was considered as their inventor. Although not the first to do so, al-Kashi gave an algorithm for calculating nth roots which is a special case of the methods given many centuries later by Ruffini and Horner."
1393 - 1449 - [astronomy] Ulugh Beg commissions an observatory at Samarqand in present-day Uzbekistan.
[edit]15th century

15th century [mathematics] Ibn al-Banna and al-Qalasadi used symbols for mathematics in the 15th century "and, although we do not know exactly when their use began, we know that symbols were used at least a century before this." [1]
15th century - [astronomy and mathematics] Ibn Masoud (Ghayyathuddin Jamshid ibn mohamed ibn mas`oud, d. 1424 or 1436.) First to use the decimal point in arithmetic. Wrote on the decimal system. First to introduce the zero (indian mathematicians had used only nine glyphs for numerals). Computed and observed the solar eclipses of 809AH, 810AH and 811AH, after being invited by Ulugh Bek, based in Samarqand to pursue his study of mathematics, astronomy and physics. His works include "The Key of arithmetics"; "Discoveries in mathematics"; "The Decimal point"; "the benefits of the zero". The contents of the Benefits of the Zero are an introduction followed by five essays: On whole number arithmetic; On fractional arithmetic; on astrology; on areas; on finding the unknowns [unknown variables]. He also wrote a "Thesis on the sine and the chord"; "thesis on the circumference" in which he found the ratio of the circumference to the radius of a circle to the 16th decimal; "The garden of gardens" or "promenade of the gardens" describing an instrument he devised and used at the Samarqand observatory to compile an ephemeris, and for computing solar and lunar eclipses; The ephemeresis "Zayj Al-Khaqani" which also includes mathematical tables and corrections of the ephemeresis by Al-Tusi; "Thesis on finding the first degree sine"; and more.
1411 [mathematics] Al-Kashi writes Compendium of the Science of Astronomy [5].
1424 [mathematics] Al-Kashi writes Treatise on the Circumference giving a remarkably good approximation to pi in both sexagesimal and decimal forms [5].
1427 [mathematics] Al-Kashi completes The Key to Arithmetic containing work of great depth on decimal fractions. It applies arithmetical and algebraic methods to the solution of various problems, including several geometric ones and is one of the best textbooks in the whole of medieval literature [5].
1437 [mathematics] Ulugh Beg publishes his star catalogue Zij-i Sultani. It contains trigonometric tables correct to eight decimal places based on Ulugh Beg's calculation of the sine of one degree which he calculated correctly to 16 decimal places [5].
16th century

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17th century

17th century [mathematics] The Arabic mathematician Mohammed Baqir Yazdi joint discovered the pair of amicable numbers 9,363,584 and 9,437,056 along with Descartes (1636).[2]
18th century

1783 - 1799 - [rocketry] Tipu, Sultan of Mysore [1783-1799] in the south of India, was an experimentator with war rockets. Two of his rockets, captured by the British at Srirangapatana, are displayed in the Woolwich Royal Artillery Museum in London. The rocket motor casing was made of steel with multiple nozzles. The rocket, 50 mm in diameter and 250 mm long, had a range performance of 900 meters to 1.5 km. (src: http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/).
19th century

.do ti gjej se shpejti

[Ndoshta]

Do ceki vetem disa nga zbulimet e Muslimanve ose themelet e te parave qe kan vene keta njerz e me vone se si i kan vjedh zbulimet.



Cfare mesohet: I pari qe ka permendur njeriun ne fluturim ka qene Roxher Beikon, i cili vizatoi nje aparat fluturimi. Leonardo da Vinci gjithashtu imagjinoi transportin ajror dhe vizatoi disa prototipe.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ibn Firnas nga Spanja islamike shpiku, ndertoi dhe provoi nje makine fluturuese ne 800 e.r.. R. Beikon lexoi per makinat fluturuese ne referencat arabe te makines se Ibn Firnas. Shpikja e ketij te fundit eshte bere 500 vjet para asaj te Beikonit dhe 700 vjet para shpikjes se Da Vincit.



Cfare mesohet: Pasqyrat e xhamit u prodhuan per here te pare ne Venecia ne 1291.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Pasqyrat e xhamit perdoreshin ne Spanjen islamike qe nga shek. XI. Venecianet e mesuan artin e prodhimit te xhamit nga artizanet siriane gjate shek. IX-X.


Cfare mesohet: Deri ne shek. XIV, i vetmi lloj ore qe gjendej ishte ajo e ujit. Ne 1335, nje ore e madhe mekanike u ndertua ne Milano te Italise. Kjo ka mundesi te kete qene ora e pare mekanike.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Nje variacion i tere orash mekanike u prodhuan nga inxhinieret muslimane spanjolle. Keto ishin te vogla e te medha dhe kjo dije u percoll ne Evrope me perkthimet ne latinisht te librit islamik te mekanikes. Me vone u punuan dhe ingranazhe te formave te ndryshme. Nje ore e tille kishte edhe nje sasi merkuri.

Ky tip (me merkur) u kopjua menjehere nga evropianet gjate shek. XV. Per me teper, gjate shek. IX Ibn Firnas i Spanjes islamike, sipas Will Durant, shpiku nje mjet qe sherbente si ore dhe i cili tregonte kohen e sakte. Muslimanet gjithashtu ndertuan nje varietet te tere orash te sakta astronomike qe i perdornin gjate obzervimeve te tyre.



Cfare mesohet: Ne shek. 17, lavjerresi u zhvillua nga Galileo gjate adoleshences se tij. Ai vuri re nje shandan qe lekundej nga era qe po frynte. Si rezultat ai shkoi ne shtepi dhe shpiku lavjerresin.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Lavjerresi u zbulua nga Ibn Junus-el-Masri ne shek. X. Ai ishte i pari qe studjoi dhe dokumentoi levizjen statike. Vlera e kesaj ne perdorimin e orave u vu ne dukje nga fizikantet muslimane gjate shek. XV




Cfare mesohet: Tipi levizes dhe shtypshkronja u shpik ne perendim nga Johanes Gutenberg, ne Gjermani gjate shek XV.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ne 1454, Gutenberg realizoi shtypshkronjen me te sofistikuar te mesjetes. Sidoqofte, tipi metalik levizes ishte duke u perdorur ne Spanjen islamike prej 100 vjetesh dhe Spanja ishte vendi ku mjetet e para perendimore te shtypit u prodhuan.



Cfare mesohet: Studimi i shek. 17 i Isak Njutonit mbi lendet, driten dhe prizmin formon themelet e shkences moderne te optikes.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ne shek. XI, El-Hajtham vendosi virtualisht cdo gje qe Njutoni avancoi persa i perket optikes. Ai e beri kete shekuj me pare dhe per me teper ai konsiderohej nga nje sere autoritetesh si themeluesi i optikes. Esziston nje fare dyshimi qe Njutoni te jete influencuar nga ai. El-Hajtham ishte fizikanti me i permendur i mesjetes. Studimet e tij u perdoren nga nje sere studiuesish evropiane gjate shek. 16-17, bile me shume se studimet e Njutonit dhe te Galileos te mbledhura bashke.



Cfare mesohet: Isak Njutoni, zbuloi ne shek 17 se drita e bardhe perbehej nga rreze te disa ngjyrave te ndryshme.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ky zbulim u be i teri nga el-Hajtham (shek. XI) dhe Kamal ed-Din (shek. XIV). Njutoni ka merita per zbulime origjinale, por ky nuk ishte njeri nga ato.



Cfare mesohet: Koncepti i natyres se njejte te materies u prezantua nga Antion Lavosier gjate shek. 18. Ai zbuloi qe, edhe nese materia mund ta ndryshoje formen apo pamjen, masa e saj mbetet gjithmone e njejte. P.sh. nese uji do te filloje te zihet derisa te nxjerre avull, kriperat shkrihen ne uje, ose nese druri do te digjet dhe behet hi, masa totale mbetet e pandryshuar.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Parimet e ketij zbulimi shpjegoheshin shekuj me pare nga studiuesi i madh i Persise islamike, el-Biruni (v. 1050). Lavosier ishte dishepulli i kimisteve dhe fizikanteve muslimane dhe referohej shpesh ne librat e tyre.

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Cfare mesohet: Greket zhvilluan trigonometrine.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Trigonimetria mbeti gjithmone nje shkence teorike tek greket. Ajo u zhvillua ne nje shkalle te larte perfeksioni modern nga studiuesit muslimane, ndonese meritat i takojne me teper el-Batanit. Fjalet qe shpjegojne funksionet baze te kesaj shkence si sinus, kosinus apo tangent e kane origjinen nga gjuha arabe. Keshtu, kontributet e grekeve ne trigonometri kane qene vertet minimale.



Cfare mesohet: Perdorimi i dreksioneve decimale (dhjeteshet) ne matematike u zhvillua nga nje hollandez, Simon Stevin ne 1589. Ai ndihmoi ne avancimin e shkences se matematikes duke zevendesuar fraksionet perbera, p.sh. ½ me ato decimale p.sh. 0.5.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Matematikanet muslimane ishin te paret qe perdoren decimalet ne vend te fraksioneve te shkalleve me te medha. Libri i el-Kashit, Celesi drejt Aritmetikes u shkruane fillimet e shek. XV dhe ishte motivuesi per aplikimin sistematik te decimaleve qofte per numrat e plote ashtu edhe per fraksionet. Eshte shume e mundur qe Stevin e importoi idene nga studimi i Kashi-t.



Cfare mesohet: I pari njeri qe perdor simbolet algjebrike ishte matematicieni francez Fransua Vieta. Ne 1591 ai shkroi nje liber algjebre duke perdorur ne ekuacionet e tij shkronja qe tashme jane shume te njohura per ne si X dhe Y. Asimov thote qe ky zbulim pati te njetin efekt sikurse kalimi nga numeratori Romak ne numrat Arab.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Matematicienet muslimane, shpikesit e algjebres, e prezantuan konceptin e perdorimit te shkronjave per te treguar te panjohuren ne ekuacion, qe ne shek. IX e.r.. Nepermjet ketij sistemi, ata zgjidhnin nje sere ekuacionesh te veshtira duke perfshire ketu edhe ekuacionet kuadrate dhe kubike. Ata perdoren simbolet per te zhvilluar dhe perfeksionuar teoremen binominale.



Cfare mesohet: Ekuacionet e veshtira kubike (x ne fuqi te trete/ x3) mbeten te pazgjidhura deri ne shek. 16 kur Nikolo Tartalia, matematicien italian, i zgjidhi ato.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Jo vetem ekuacionet kubike por edhe ato te nje shkalle me te larte veshtiresie u zgjodhen me lehtesi nga matematicienet muslimane qe ne shek. 10.



Cfare mesohet: Koncepti qe numrat mund te jene me te vegjel se zero, pra numrat negative, ishte i pazbuluar deri sa ne 1545 Xheronimo Kardano e prezantoi kete ide.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Matematicienet muslimane i perdoren numrat negative neper problemet artmetikore te pakten 400 vjet perpara Kardanos.



Cfare mesohet: Ne 1614, Xhon Napier shpiku logaritmet dhe tabelen e logaritmeve.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Matematicienet muslimane shpiken logaritmet dhe tabelat e tyre disa shekuj me pare. Keto tabela ishin te zakonta ne boten islame qe ne shek. 13.




Cfare mesohet: Gjate shek. 17 Rene Dekarti zbuloi qe algjebra mund te perdorej per te zgjidhur problemet gjeometrike. Duke bere kete, ai i dha nje shtytje te forte shkences se gjeometrise.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Matematicienet e islamit e bene kete qe ne shek. 9. Thabit bin Kurrah ishte i pari qe e beri kete. Me vone ai u ndoq nga Abul Uafa i cili ne shek. X shkroi nje liber ne te cilen ai perdori algjebren per ta zhvilluar gjeometrine ne nje shkence te thjeshte dhe ekzakte.



Cfare mesohet: Isak Njutoni, gjate shek. 17, zhvilloi teoremen binominale qe eshte komponenti kryesor per studimin e algjebres.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qindra matematiciene muslimane perdoren dhe perfeksionuan teoremen binominale. Ata filluan ta perdornin kete teoreme per zgjidhjen sistematike te problemeve algjebrike gjate shek. X.



Cfare mesohet: Deri ne shke. 13 nuk pati asnje permiresim ne astronomine e lashte te mesjetes per sa i perket levizjes se planeteve. Ishte Alfonso i zgjuari i Kastilianeve (Spanja qendrore) qe shpiku Tabelat Afonsine, te cilat ishin shume me te sakta se sa ato te Ptolemit.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe ne shek. 9 astronomet muslimane punuan dhe e permiresuan shume zbulimin e Ptolemit. Ata ishin te paret astronome qe diskutuan idete e tij arkaike. Ne kritikat e tyre ndaj grekeve, ata sintetizuan prova qe dielli eshte qendra e sistemit djellor dhe se orbita e tokes dhe planeteve te tjere mund te jete elitike (ne forme rrethi por me dy ane me te shtypura). Ata i shoqeruan punimet e tyre me tabela te sakta astronimike dhe harta te jeve. Shume nga llogarite e tyre jane aq te sakta sa qe ato konsiderohen si te kohes. Tabelat Alfonsine jane dicka me shume se kopje te studimeve astronomike qe u transmetuan ne Evrope nepermjet Spanjes islamike si p.sh. Tabela e Toledos.



Cfare mesohet: Studiuesi Anglez, Roxher Beikon (v. 1292) ishte i pari qe permendi lentet e xhamit per te permiresuar shikimin. Pothuaj ne te njejten kohe, syzet perdorishin ne Kine dhe Evrope.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ibn Firnas i Spanjes islamike shpiku syzet ne shek. 9 dhe ato prodhoheshin dhe shiteshin ne te gjithe Spanjen per dy shekuj. Cfare Beikon tha per syzet ishte thjesht nje perseritje e studimeve te el-Haitham (v. 1059), meqe Beikon i referohej shpesh punes se tij.



Cfare mesohet: Baruti mori zhvillim ne boten perendimore fale punes se Roxher Beikon ne 1242. perdorimi i pare i barutit ne arme ishte kur kinezet qelluan me bambu ne perpjekje per te frikesuar pushtuesit Mongole. Ata e perdoren ate duke i shtuar substances sulfur dhe qymyr.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Kinezet vertete e zhvilluan barutin megjithate ata as nuk dinin ta perdornin ate per arme zjarri dhe as ishin ata qe e shpiken formulen e tij. Studimet e kryera nga Reinuad dhe Fave treguan qarte qe baruti u formulua si fillim nga kimistet muslimane. Me tej, keta historiane thane qe muslimanet ishin te paret qe punuan armet e zjarrit. Te bie ne sy fakti qe muslimanet perdoren granadat dhe arme te tjera ne mbrojtjen e Algjerikus nga Franket gjate shek. 14. Zhan Mathes tregon qe udheheqesit muslimane kishin rezerva te granadave, pushkeve, topave, ndezesish, bomba sulfuri dhe pistoleta dekada te tera perpara se keto te perdoreshin ne Evrope. Fjala top u permend per here te pare ne tekstet arabisht ne 1300 e.r.. Beikon mesoi per formulen e barutit nga perkthimet ne latinishte te librave arabe. Ai nuk solli asgje origjinale per sa i perket kesaj.



Cfare mesohet: Kompasi u shpik nga kinezet te cilet mund te kene qene te paret qe e kane perdorur ate per qellime lundrimi midis viteve 1000 dhe 1100 e.r.. Referenca e pare per perdorimin e tij u dha nga anglezi, Aleksander Nekam (1157-1217).

Cfare duhet te mesohet: Gjeografet dhe lundruesit muslimane mesuan per gjilperen magnetike nga kinezet dhe ishin te paret qe perdoren gjilperen magnetike ne lundrim. Ata shpiken kompasin dhe ja mesuan perdorimin e tij per lundrim perendimoreve. Lundruesit evropiane mbeshteteshin tek drejtuesit muslimane dhe instrumentet e tyre ne zbulimin e territoreve te panjohura. Gustav le Bon vertetoi qe gjilpera magnetike dhe kompasi u shpiken plotesisht nga muslimanet dhe se kinezet nuk kishin shume te benin me to. Nekam ashtu sikurse dhe kinezet mund te kene mesuar per to nga tregtaret muslimane. Eshte e rendesishme te theksohet qe kinezet e permiresuan mjeshterine e tyre te lundrimit pasi ata filluan te kene marredhenie me muslimanet ne shek. 8.

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Cfare mesohet: I pari qe klasifikoi njerezit ne raca ishte gjermani Johan F. Blumenbah i cili e ndau njerezimin ne te bardhe, te verdhe, kaf, te zinj dhe te kuq.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe nga shek. 9 deri ne shek. 14 studiuesit muslimane shpiken shkencen e etnografise. Nje sere gjeografesh muslimane klasifikuan racat, duke paraqitur shpjegime te qarta te zakoneve, kulturave dhe pamjes se jashtme. Ata shkruan mijera faqe mbi kete teme. Shkrumet e Blumenbahut as qe mund te krahasohen me to.



Cfare mesohet: shkenca e gjeografise u ringjall gjate shek. 15, 16 dhe 17 kur studimet e hershme te Ptolemit u zbuluan. Kryqezatat dhe ekspeditat e spanjolleve/portugezeve kontribuan ne rizgjimin e saj. Trajtimi i pare gjeografik me baze shkencore u be gjate kesaj perudhe nga studiuesit evropiane.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe nga shek. 8 deri ne shek. 15 studiuesit muslimane shkruan volume te tera librash mbi gjeografine e Afrikes, Azise, Indise dhe Kines. Keto shkrime perfshine enciklopedite e para gjeografike , kalendare dhe harta te rrugeve. Kryevepra e shek. 14 nga Ibn Batuta i hodhi nje vershtrim te detajuar gjeotrafise se botes se lashte. Gjeografet muslimane te shek. 10 deri ne shek. 15 e tejkaluan shume me teper ate qe evropianet dhane per sa i perket gjeografise se ketyre zonave deri ne shek. 18. Kryqezatat sollen ne shkaterrimin e institucioneve te edukimit, studiuesve dhe librave te tyre. Ata nuk sollen asgje te rendesishme ne gjeografi per boten perendimore.

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Cfare mesohet: Kimia e ka origjinen e saj ne shek. 17 nga Robert Boil.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Nje grup i tere kimistesh muslimane, si ar-Razi, el-Xhabr, el-Biruni dhe el-Kindi kryen eksperimente kimike rreth 700 vjet perpara Bolit. Duranti shkruan se muslimanet futen metoden eksperimentale ne kete shkence. Ndersa Humbolt i konsideron muslimanet si themeluesit e kimise.

Cfare mesohet: Leonarda da Vinci (shek. 16) u be babai i gjeografise kur ai vuri re qe fosilet e gjetura ne male tregonin origjinen e ujshme te tokes.

Cfare duhet mesuar: El-Biruni (shek. 11) beri pikerisht kete observim dhe futi edhe shume ide te tjera ne nje liber mbi gjeologjine, qindra vjet perpara se Da Vinci te kish lindur. Ibn Sina gjithashtu e theksoi kete. Eshte shume e mundur qe Da Vinci mesoi per kete nga perkthimet ne latinisht e librave islamik. Ai nuk shtoi asgje origjinale ne kete fushe.

Cfare mesohet: I pari qe foli per formimin gjeologjik te luginave ishte Nikolas Desmarest ne vitin 1756. Ai tha qe ato formoheshin per nje kohe te gjate nga perrenjte dhe burimet.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Ibn Sina dhe el-Biruni bene pikerishte kete studim gjate shek. 11, pothuaj 700 vjet me heret se Desmaresti.

Cfare mesohet: Galileo (shek. 17) ishte i pari eksperimentues i madh i botes.

Cfare duhet mesuar: El-Biruni (v. 1050) ishte i pari eksperimentues i madh i botes. Ai shkroi me teper se 200 libra, shume nga te cilet diskutojne eksperimentet e tij te sakta. Kontributi i tij ne shkenca te ndryshme qe arrin deri 13 mije faqe e tejkalon ate qe u shkrua nga Galileo bile edhe Njutoni te mbledhura bashke.

Cfare mesohet: Italiani Xhovani Morganji konsiderohet si babai i patologjise sepse ai ishte i pari qe pershkroi sakte natyren e semundjes.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Kirurget muslimane ishin te paret patologe. Ata e kuptuan plotesisht natyren e semundjes dhe pershkruan nje sere semundjesh ne detaje te kohes. Ibn Zuhr saktesisht pershkroi natyren e semundjes se mushkrive dhe tuberkulozin. Ez-Zahravi saktesisht dokumentoi patologjine e ujit ne tru dhe semundjeve te tjera te lindura. Ibn el-Kuf dhe Ibn-en-Nafs dhane pershkrime perfekte te qarkullimit te gjakut. Kirurge te tjere muslimane dhane pershkrimet e para te sakta te disa semundjeve si te kancerit te stomakut, zorreve dhe ezofagut. Keta kirurge ishin baballaret patologjise dhe jo Xhovani Morganji.

Cfare mesohet: Pol Erliç (shek. 19) ishte i pari qe futi terapine me ilaçe qe eshte perdorimi i disa llojeve te caktuara ilacesh per te vrare mikrobet.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Fizikantet muslimane perdoren nje sere substancash te caktuara per te vrare mikrobet. Ata perdoren sulfurin per te vrare disa mikrobe dhe gjithashtu el-Razi (shek. 10) perdori perzierje merkuri si antiseptike.

Cfare mesohet: Alkoli i paster, i nxjerre nga distilimi, u prodhua per here te pare nga Arnan de Vilanova, nje alkemist spanjoll ne vitin 1300 e.r..

Cfare duhet mesuar: Nje sere kimistesh muslimane prodhuan alkol te distiluar per qellime mjeksore qe ne shek. 10. Ata bile prodhonin ne mase mjetin e pare per distilimin e alkolit per perdorim ne kimi. Ata perdoren alkolin si solven dhe antiseptik.

Cfare mesohet: I pari operacion i kryer me anestezi te marre nga hundet u krye nga amerikani C.W.Long ne 1845.

Cfare duhet mesuar: 600 vjet perpara Long, ne Spanjen islamike ez-Zahravi dhe Ibn Zuhr bashke me disa kirurge te tjere muslimane, kryen qindra operacione me te tille anestezi qe behej me perdorimin e garzave te lagura me narkotike dhe qe vendoseshin ne fytyre.

Cfare mesohet: Gjate shek. 16 Paraselsus shpiku perdorimin e opiumit per anestezi.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Fizikantet muslimane prezantuan vlerat e opiumit per anestezi qe ne mesjete. Opiumi perdorej si fillim per anestezi nga greket. Paraselsus ishte nje student i Ibn Sinas dhe eshte e sigurt qe ideja e tij eshte marre nga studimet e Ibn Sines.

Cfare mesohet: Anestezia moderne u shpik nga Humfrei Deivi dhe Horac Uells ne shek. 19.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Anestezia moderne u zbulua, masterizua dhe perfeksionua nga muslimanet 900 vjet perpara Devit dhe Uellsit. Ata perdoren anestezi qe merrej nga goja dhe me frymemarrje.

Cfare mesohet: Koncepti i karantines u prezantua ne 1403. Ne Venecia, ligji i ndalonte te huajt te hynin ne qytet derisa nje periudhe e caktuar kohore te kish kaluar. Nese deri atehere asnje shenje semundjeje nuk dukej, atehere ata lejoheshin te hynin ne qytet.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Koncepti i karantines u prezantua per here te pare ne shek. 7 nga profeti Muhamed (s) i cili parandalonte hyrjen apo daljen nga nje zone qe vuante nga ndonje epidemi. Qe nga shek. 10, fizikantet muslimane inovuan perdorimin e dhomave apo pavioneve te izoluara per pacientet qe kishin semundje te transmetueshme.

Cfare mesohet: Perdorimi shkencor i antiseptikeve ne kirurgji u zbulua nga kirurgu anglez Xhosef Lister ne 1865.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe nga shek. 10 fizikantet dhe kirurget muslimane perdornin alkolin e distiluar si agjent antiseptik. Kirurget ne Spanjen islamike perdoren metoda speciale per perdorimin e antiseptikeve perpara dhe gjate operacioneve. Ato gjishashtu leshuan protokolle te vecante per mirembajtjen e higjenes gjate perudhes pas operacionit. Suksesi i tyre arriti caqe aq te larta saqe titullare nga Evropa erdhen ne Kordove, Spanje, te kuroheshin ne ate qe quhej “Ajka e Klinikave” te Mesjetes.

Cfare mesohet: Menyra shkencore e nderhyrjeve kirurgjikale u avancua nga kirurgu francez Ambrua Par, ne 1545. Para se metodat e tij te aplikoheshin kirurget perpiqeshin qe ndalonin rrjedhjen e gjakut duke hedhur vaj te nxehte. Par ndaloi perdorimin e ketyre metodave duke prezantuar ate te bllokimit te arterieve te gjakut. Ai konsiderohet si “babai i kirurgjise racionale”. Per ishte gjithashtu evropiani i pare qe denoi ato procedura te shemtuara kirurgjikale si... menyren e carjes se kafkes gjate operacioneve ne koke.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Kirurgu i shquar i Spanjes islamike, ez-Zahraui (v. 1013) filloi bllokimin e arterieve 500 vjet para Parit. Ai perfeksionoi perdorimin e Katgutit qe punohet me zorret e kafsheve. Ai gjithashtu prezantoi perdorimin e pambukut dhe dyllit per bllokimin e plageve gjakrrjedhese. Te dhenat e plota te punes se tij erdhen ne Evrope nepermjet perkthimeve ne latinisht.

Pervec kesaj, berberet dhe barinjte vazhdonin te ishin te paret qe praktikonin “artin” e kirurgjise edhe per 6 shekuj pas vdekjes se Zahraviut. Pari vete ishte nje berber por me i zoti dhe me i kujdesshem se te tjeret.

Jane dyzina te tera librash qe perfshihen ne arsenalin e Zahraviut. Me e njohura nga veprat e tij eshte shkruar ne 30 volume mbi mjeksine dhe kirurgjine. Librat e tij permbajne shkrime mbi mjeksine preventive, nutrientet, kozmetiken, terapine me droge, teknika kirurgjikale, anestezine, kujdesi para dhe pas operacionit. Jo vetem kaq, por ai vizatoi edhe pothuaj 200 mjete kirurgjikale, shume nga te cilet ai vete i shpiku. Ez-Zahravi i zgjuar dhe studiues eshte ai qe meriton te quhet “babai i mjeksise racionale” dhe jo i pashkolluari Par.

Cfare mesohet: Ne shek. 17, Uilliam Harvei zbuloi qe gjaku qarkullon. Ai ishte i pari qe shpjegoi funksionin e zemres, arterieve dhe venave. Galeni i Romes kishte dhene ide jo te sakta per sistemin e qarkullimit te gjakut, dhe u desh te vinte Harvei te zbulonte qe gjaku qarkullon neper trup ne saje te zemres dhe venave. Per kete ai konsiderohet si babai i fiziologjise se njeriut.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe ne shek. 10 el-Razi shkroi nje liber mbi sistemin e venave, duke pershkruar keshtu shume sakte funksionin e tyre dhe te valvolave te tyre. Ibn en-Nefs dhe Ibn el-Kuf (shek. 13) sollen dokumente te plota qe flisnin per qarkullimin e gjakut duke pershkruar shume qarte fiziologjine e zemres dhe funskionimin e valvolave te saj, 300 vjet para Harveit. Uilliam Harvei u gradua ne universitetin e Padoves ne Itali ne nje kohe kur pjesa me e madhe e programit shkollor bazohej ne librat e Ibn Sinas dhe er-Razit.

Cfare mesohet: Farmacopeia (liber mjekimesh) e pare u botua nga nje studiues gjerman ne 1542. Sipas Enciklopedise se Librit Boteror, shkenca e farmaceotikes i pati fillimet e saja ne 1900 dhe ishte nje dege e kimise si rrjedhoje e disa analizave te bera me materiale bimesore. Vetem pas izolimit te permbajtjeve aktive te bimeve, kimistet zbuluan vlerat e tyre mjeksore.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Sipas studiuesit te njohur te historise arabe, Filip Hiti, ishin muslimanet dhe jo greket apo evropianet ata qe shkruajten librin e pare te mjekimeve moderne. Shkenca e farmaceotikes e ka origjinen e saj ne shek. 9 nga kimistet, fizikantet dhe farmacistet muslimane prodhuan mijera ilace apo perzierje bimesh mjeksore mijera vjet perpara te ashtequajtures lindje te farmaceotikes. Gjate shek. 14, Ibn Baitar shkroi nje liber shume te vlefshem mjekimesh duke perfshire aty rreth 1400 ilace. Me qindra libra te tjere u botuan gjate eres islamike. Eshte e mundur qe puna e gjermanit te kete qene nje vazhdim i Ibn Baitarit, i cili ishte shume i lexuar ne Evrope.

Cfare mesohet: Zbulimi i perdorimit shkencor te ilaceve per drejtimin e semundjeve te vecanta u be nga Paraselsus, fizikanti me origjine zviceriane, gjate shek. 16. Ai gjithashtu njihet si personi i pare qe theksoi rendesine e eksperiences praktike si kusht kryesor ne trajtimin e te semureve duke lene menjane punen e te lashteve.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Er-Razi, Ibn Sina, el-Kindi, Ibn Rushd, ez-Zahraui, Ibn Zuhr, Ibn Baitar, Ibn el-Xhazar, Ibn Xhulxhul, Ibn el-Kuf, Ibn en-Nafs, el-Biruni, Ibn Sahl dhe qindra fizikante te tjere muslimane u specializuan ne terapine e ilaceve per trajtimin e simptomave dhe semundjeve te ndryshme. Ne fakt, ky koncept ishte e tere shpikje e tyre. Fjala ‘drug’ (ilac) eshte marre nga arabishtja. Eksperienca e tyre praktike dhe studimet e tyre te kujdesshme ishin te pallogaritura.

Fizikantet muslimane ishin te paret qe kritikuan teorite dhe praktiken mjeksore te te lashteve. Er-Razi i dedikoi Galemit nje liber te tere si kritike per anatomine e tij. Studimet e Paraselsusit jane te paperfillshme nese do t’i krahasonim me volume te tera te shkrimeve mjeksore ashtu sikurse zbulimet origjinale te gjiganteve muslimane te mjeksise.

Cfare mesohet: E para metode e sakte per trajtimin e semundjeve u prezantua nga gjermani Johan Ueger ne 1500.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Xhorxh Sarton nga universiteti i Harvardit thote qe mjeksia moderne eshte e tera nje zhvillim islamic dhe nese do t’i vinim rekordet drejte fizikantet muslimane nga shek. 9 deri ne shek. 12 ishin te sakte, shkencor, racional dhe te vertete ne studimet e tyre. Johan Ueger ishte nje nga ata mijera fizikante evropiane te cilet gjate shek. 15 dhe 17 mesuan mjeksine e el-Razit dhe Ibn Sinas. Ai nuk dha asgje origjinale.

Cfare mesohet: Trajtimi mjeksor i te semureve psiqike u modernizua nga Filip Pinel kur ne 1793 ai drejtonte azilin e pare te te semureve psikike ne France.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Qe ne shek. 11, spitalet e vendeve islamike kishin pavione te vecante per te semuret psikike. Ata trajtoheshin mire dhe semundjet e tyre merreshin seriozisht ne nje kohe kur te cmendurit digjeshin te gjalle sepse konsideroheshin si shtriga dhe magjistare. Per kurimin e tyre u perdor per here te pare nje metode e re me te cilen te semuret psikike trajtoheshin me kujdes me ilace dhe psikoterapi. Te gjithe qytetet kryesore islamike kishin nje azil te tille ku pacientet trajtoheshin falas. Ne fakt, metoda islamike e kurimit te te semureve psikike eshte shume me larte se metoda e tanishme, sepse ishte me humane dhe shume efektive.

Cfare mesohet: Parafina e prodhua per here te pare nga anglezi Abraham Gesner ne 1853. ai e distilonte ate nga asfalti.

Cfare duhet mesuar: Kimistet muslimane e prodhuan parafinen duke e distiluar nga nafta pothuaj 1000 vjet me pare se Gesner. (shiko Enciklopedia Britanika nen titullin ‘Nafta’)


Materiali i Plot :
http://www.forumishqiptar.com/showthread.php?t=46155

[Scion]

Ore, perse fshini postimet pa piken e turpit. A ju skuqet ndonjehere faqja juve ...

Abdus Salam - Fitues i cmimit nobel (Bashke me Steve Wienberg) mbi teorine kuantike e forcave nukleare te dobta.

[Smth_Poetic]

Ore, perse fshini postimet pa piken e turpit. A ju skuqet ndonjehere faqja juve ...

Abdus Salam - Fitues i cmimit nobel (Bashke me Steve Wienberg) mbi teorine kuantike e forcave nukleare te dobta.

Eshte perseritur me milionaaaaaaaaaaaaaa here qe vetem besimtaret musliman lejohet te marin pjese ne kete nenforum.
Kjo eshte rregullorja dhe ti si mod duhet ta zbatosh i pari.