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  1. #1

    Gjergj Kastriot Skėnderbeu

    Gjergj Kastrioti lindi nė Krujė dhe ishte djali i Gjon Kastriotit, princit tė Shqipėrisė sė mesme i cili ishte i obliguar qė Perandorisė Turke ti paguajė tatim. Nė mėnyrė qė tė sigurojė besnikėrinė e prijėsve lokal Sultani i merrte djemtė e tyre dhe i dėrgonte nė Turqi. Gjergj Kastrioti pėrcjelli shkollėn ushtarake nė Perandorinė Turke dhe qė i emėruar Skender Beu qė nė turqishtė do tė thotė princi Aleksandėr.

    Ai qe i dalluar si njė nga oficerėt mė tė mirė nė disa skuadra Osmane nė Azinė e Vogėl dhe Europė, pėr ēka edhe morri nga Sultani titullin e Gjeneralit. Skenderbeu luftoi edhe kundėr Grekėve, Serbve dhe Hungarezve, dhe disa burime thojnė se ka mbajtur lidhje tė fshehta me Raguzė, Venedikun, Vladislasin e Hungarisė si dhe Alfonsin e V tė Napolit. Sultani Murati i II ia dha titullin Vali ēka e bėri Gjergj Kastriotin Guvernator Gjeneral tė disa krahinave tė Shqipėrisė.
    Mė 1443, gjatė betejės kundėr Hungarezėve te Nishi, ai e lėshoi ushtrinė Osmane dhe shkoi nė Krujė. Nė kalanė e Krujės Skenderbeu ngriti Flamurin Shqipėtarė, flamurin e kuq mė shqiponjė tė zezė dykrerėshe nė mes, dhe tha fjalin e njohur: "Nuk ju solla unė lirinė, ate e gjeta kėtu, nė mesin e juve".

    Gjergj Kastrioti arriti tė bashkojė tė gjithė princat Shqipėtar nė qytetin e Lezhės (Lidhja e Lezhės, 1444) dhe ti udhėheqi ata nė luftėn kundėr Turqve.

    Gjatė 25 viteve tė ardhshme ai luftoi, me forca qė rrallė herė kalonin 20.000 ushtarė, me ushtrinė mė tė fuqishme tė asaj kohe dhe arriti qė tė dal fitues pėr 25 vjetė tė tėra. Mė 1450 Ushtria Turke qe e udhėhequr nga vetė Sultan Murati i II i cili vdiq gjatė rrugės duke e kthyer nga beteja e hupur. Dy herė tė tjera , mė 1466 dhe 1467, Mehmeti i II, pushtuesi i Konstantinopolit, udhėheqi ushtrinė Turke kundėr Skenderbeut dhe dėshtoi. Perandoria Turke provoi ta pushtoi Krujėn 24 herė dhe dėshtoi tė 24 herėt.

    Pėr njė tė katėrtėn e shekullit Skenderbeu ndaloi pushtimin Turk nė Evropėn Katolike.

    Pasė vdekjes sė tijė mė 1468 nė Lezhė nga shkaqet natyrore, ushtarėt e tijė u bėnė rezistencė Turqve pėr 12 vjetė. Mė 1480 Shqipėria definitivishtė u pushtua nga Perandoria Turke.

    Kur Turqit e gjetėn vorrin e Skenderbeut nė kishėn e Shėn Nikut nė Lezhė, e hapėn ate dhe morrėn eshtrat e Skenderbeut pėr tė cilat besohej se sjellin fat. Mė 1480 Turqit ndėrmorrėn pushtimin nė Itali dhe pushtuan qytetin e Otrantos.

    Skenderbeu dhe vepra e tijė nuk mbetėn tė pėrmenden vetėm nė tokat Shqipėtare. Volteri ka menduar se Perandoria Bizantine do tė kishte egzistuar sikur tė kishte njė udhėheqės sikur Skenderbeun. Disa poet dhe kompozitorė gjithashtu kanė gjetė inspirimin e vetė nė mjeshtėrinė ushtarake tė tijė. Poeti Francez i shekullit 19, Ronsard, shkroi njė vjershė kushtuar Gjergj Kastriotit. Tė njejtėn gjė bėri edhe poeti Amerikan i shekullit 19, Longfellow. Antonio Vivaldi komponoi operėn e cila titullohet Skenderbeu.

    Skenderbeu sot ėshtė hero kombėtar i Shqipėrisė. Shumė muzeume dhe monumente janė ngritur nė nder tė tijė anembanė Shqipėrisė dhe nė mesin e tyre edhe Muzeumi i Skenderbeut nė kalanė e famshme tė Krujės.
    Ndryshuar pėr herė tė fundit nga Fiori : 12-09-2006 mė 00:59
    Imagjinata eshte me e rendesishme se sa njohuria
    Einstein

  2. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar Arbushi pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  3. #2

    nga bato_ipare

    bato ipare
    Anetar i ri
    Posts: 14
    (1/4/02 2:53:09 am)
    Reply Marlowe, Shekspir dhe Skenderbeu.
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    Ne nje nga sallat e Corpus Christi College, ne
    Universitetin e Cambridge-it ne Angli, midis pikturave
    te tjera te shumta, gjendet e varur edhe nje portret i
    nje njeriu, i cili, qe nga lartesite e 400 vjeteve,
    vazhdon te shohe me te njejten veshtrim te heshtur
    studentet e panumert qe koha i sjell perpara tij.
    Simbas regjistrave dhe vertetimeve nga burime te
    treta, ai eshte portreti origjinal i Christofer
    Marlowe. Nje punim vaji tipik i asaj kohe, dhe ne nje
    kend te saj bashke me shenimin e vitit 1585, si viti i
    berjes se portretit, eshte dhe nje citim latinisht:
    "Quod me nutrit me destruit".
    Christofer Marlowe eshte nje nga poetet dhe
    dramaturget me te medhenj te letersise angleze, i cili
    brenda jetes se tij te shkurter (jetoi vetem 29 vjet)
    qe ne gjendje te ndriconte me nje drite aq te forte sa
    qe ajo drite shihet edhe sot e kesaj dite. Marlow
    ishte nje nga 9 femijet e nje kepucari. Duke i pas
    dhene natyra (ose zoti)nje mendje shume te afte, ai
    vazhdon shkollen dhe ne nje fare pike i ofrohet edhe
    nje burse per te vazhduar ne kolegj, ku ai studion
    biblen, filozofi, histori. Ne fund, mbasi desh e
    perjashtuan nga shkolla per mungesa te shumta te
    paarsyeshme, me nderhyrje nga keshilli privat i
    mbretereshes, arriti te marre Bachelor of Arts nga
    Corpus Christi College ne Cambridge. Shume shpejt
    behet i njohur per poemat dhe dramat e tij, krijime qe
    i hapin dyert me te larta te shoqerise londineze, por
    ne te njeten kohe behet i njohtur ca edhe me shume per
    menyren jo te zakonshme te te jetuarit. Ai beri
    gjithshka. Ishte agjent i sherbimeve sekrete te
    mbretereshes, u burgos dy here per historira qe
    mbaruan me nga nje te vdekur. Nje here e perzune nga
    Hollanda si fallsifikator monedhash floriri (ne nje
    nga vacanzat e tij ne burg, thone se u njoh me nje
    cifut qe e inicioi ne fallsifikim monedhash), dhe se
    fundi arriti deri ne ate pike sa t`ia bente borxh
    kishes, kur deklaroi se bibla ishte inkonsistente.
    Kunder tij u pregadit nje dosje per atheizem dhe
    blasfemi, krime keto te denueshme me vdekje, dhe shoku
    i tij i dhomes, nen torture, pohoi se disa shenime qe
    flisnin mbi inkonsistencen e bibles, ishin shkruar nga
    dora e Christofer Marlowe. Para se ti vinte ora per te
    dale ne gjyq, Marlowe, mbasi kishte ngrene e kishte
    pire ne nje lokal me emer ne Londer, ben sherr me nje
    mikun e tij ne lidhje me pagesen e kontos, dhe ne
    zenie e siper, miku i tij, mbasi i merr nje thike qe
    Marlow e kishte ne dor, ia ngul tej pertej ne sy, duke
    e lene te vdekur ne vend. Mbas dy ditesh e varrosen ne
    nje varr pa emer, dhe me siguri Marlowe njeri do te
    ishte harruar neper erresiren e historise sikur te mos
    ekzistonte Marlowe poet e dramaturg.
    Marlowe ne 6 vjetet e tij te krijimtarise
    dramaturgjike shkroi shume vepra por nga me te
    njohurat per kritiken jane Dr Faust, The jew of Malta,
    Edward II , etj etj.
    ...Come with me, and be my love
    And we will all the pleasure prove
    That valleys, groves, hills and fields
    Woods or steepy mountains yields...
    Per te thone se nese Shekspiri ishte si drita e
    mengjezit ne letersine angleze, ai ishte Ylli i
    mengjezit i saj.

    Deri ketu, rendi kronologjik i ngjarjeve, megjithese
    ka te beje me nje personazh ne limitet e te
    jashtezakonshmes, eshte me se normal e i zakonshme per
    se. Por ajo qe e ben te vecante rastin e tij, eshte
    fakti se shume nga studiuesit, kritiket dhe
    historianet e sotem mendojne se nuk duhet bere dallim
    midis Marlowe dhe William Shakespeare, sepse ata jane
    i njejti person. Pervec analizes se menyres se te
    shkruajturit dhe te shprehurit, qe simbas kritikes,
    eshte shume e perafert, nje teori qe mbeshtet
    njeshmerine midis dy personazheve, bazon analizen e
    vet pikerisht ne portretin qe u permend ne fillim te
    shkrimit. Simbas autorit te nje libri me titullin ""In
    Search of Christopher Marlowe: A Pictorian Biography",
    qe perpiqet te vertetoje kete teori, ne lidhje me
    adagion qe gjendesh ne portretin e permendur me lart,
    autori thote:
    ..."Simbas profesor Gilbert Highet, clasicist
    amerikan, paralelja e saj e sakte nuk gjendet ne asnje
    nga shkrimet e autoreve te vjeter greke dhe latine, te
    cilet Marlow mund ti kete perdorur si burime; po
    keshtu, ajo nuk gjendet as ne punimet e shkrimtareve
    angleze para Marlow-it. Cuditerish, riperdorimi i saj
    e pare gjehet ne nje veper disi me te vonet te
    Shekspirit; se pari ne Sonetin LXXIII, ne nje perkthim
    anglisht "i konsumuar prej asaj me te cilen
    ushqehesh", dhe ne nje varjant te nje versioni latin
    te Perikliut, akti i II, skena 2, rrjeshti 33, kur
    kaloresi i katert, qe mban nje pishtar te kthyer me
    koke posht qe po konsumohesh nga flaka e tij, ka nje
    moto:"'Quod me alit me extinguit"...

    Ne nje liber tjeter me titullin "The Murder of the
    Man Who Was Shakespeare", autori shpjegon:
    ..." Ne dimrin e vitit 1954 une vizitova profesor
    Gilbert Highet te Columbia University per te sqaruar
    nese motoja latine ne portretin e Corpus Christi
    College ishte perdorur nga autore greke ose latine te
    antikitetit, meqenese ekzistonte mundesia qe ajo moto,
    duke qene e mirenjohur nga latinistet elizabetiane
    tekohes, mund ti ishte ofruar Marlowe me ane te
    shkrimeve te tyre.

    Gilbert Highet eshte nje nga shkollaret clasiciste me
    te njohur te Amerikes, i cili eshte i specializuar ne
    greqisht dhe latinisht. Une i tregova atij moton, dhe
    e pyeta nese mund te percaktonte origjinen e saj ne
    antikitet. Me tha te prisja. Pastaj per mbi dy ore ai
    u mor me libra te leksikut latin dhe grek, libra
    referimesh dhe concordimesh te cdo natyre e
    pershkrimi. Mbasi e konsumoi veten dhe te gjitha
    librat e tij te refernces, ai me tha:
    "Asnje grek ose latin nuk e ka perdorur ndonjehere
    kete moto. As kete dhe as ndonje te perafert me te. Me
    duhet te konkludoj qe krijimi i saj eshte unik dhe
    teper individual-qartesish unik dhe individual."

    Konkluzioni, i parrezistueshem, eshte se duke qene
    se te gjitha pikat identifikuese te portretit te cojne
    tek Marlowe dhe se motoja e tij riduket ne nje nga
    pjeset e Shekspirit (Pericles), "motoja eshte unike
    dhe individuale", dhe meqenese teza ime eshte se
    Marlowe shkruajti veprat e Shekspirit, atehere kjo
    eshte nje konfirmim tjeter qe verteton autoresine e
    Marlowe, fakt i cili mund te vihet perkrah
    ngjashmerise se pabesueshme ndermejt portretit te
    Corpus Christi dhe gravures se autorit-autorit real-
    te pjeseve"...

    Ajo qe e ben me interesante kete pershkrimin te
    ketyre koheve te mjegullta e te largeta dhe qe ne nje
    fare menyre ben nje lidhje indirekte te ketyre
    autoreve te famshem me Shqiperine, ose me sakte me
    shqiptaret, eshte fakti se dihet historikisht se vepra
    e pare per skene e Christofer Marlowe ka qene "The
    True History of George Scanderbeg", bazuar ne jeten e
    Princit te Krishtere te Shqiperise, veper e cila ka
    humbur. Nje nga vecorite e Marlowe ishte se ai ishte
    aq i sukseshme si dramaturg sa veprat e tij luheshin
    ne teatrin dhe nga trupa me e mire e kohes. Ne qofte
    se ashtu sic thuhet nga disa specialiste, eshte e
    vertet se Marlowe eshte Shekspiri, do ishte shume
    interesante te dihej se cfare permbante e si
    zhvillohesh vepra e tij mbi Skenderbeun. Une nga
    Marlow njoh thuajse asgje, por Sheksipirin e kam
    lexuar gjeresisht. Jul Cesari i famshem, elegjia e
    Mark Antonit per Cesarin e vrare, ankthi i
    konspiratoreve dhe vdekja e palavdishme e tyre, mundet
    ne nje fare menyre te na japin nje ide se cfare force
    mund te arrije fjala ne penen e Shekspirit. Le te
    flase vete Shekspiri:

    BRUTUS

    Romans, countrymen, and lovers! hear me for my
    cause, and be silent, that you may hear: believe me
    for mine honour, and have respect to mine honour, that
    you may believe: censure me in your wisdom, and
    awake your senses, that you may the better judge.
    If there be any in this assembly, any dear friend of
    Caesar's, to him I say, that Brutus' love to Caesar
    was no less than his. If then that friend demand
    why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer:
    --Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved
    Rome more. Had you rather Caesar were living and
    die all slaves, than that Caesar were dead, to live
    all free men? As Caesar loved me, I weep for him;
    as he was fortunate, I rejoice at it; as he was
    valiant, I honour him: but, as he was ambitious, I
    slew him. There is tears for his love; joy for his
    fortune; honour for his valour; and death for his
    ambition. Who is here so base that would be a
    bondman? If any, speak; for him have I offended.
    Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If
    any, speak; for him have I offended. Who is here so
    vile that will not love his country? If any, speak;
    for him have I offended. I pause for a reply.



    ANTONY
    Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up
    To such a sudden flood of mutiny.
    They that have done this deed are honourable:
    What private griefs they have, alas, I know not,
    That made them do it: they are wise and honourable,
    And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you.
    I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts:
    I am no orator, as Brutus is;
    But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,
    That love my friend; and that they know full well
    That gave me public leave to speak of him:
    For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
    Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
    To stir men's blood: I only speak right on;
    I tell you that which you yourselves do know;
    Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths,
    And bid them speak for me: but were I Brutus,
    And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony
    Would ruffle up your spirits and put a tongue
    In every wound of Caesar that should move
    The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.



    Cfare do te kishte qene ne gjendje bardi i famshem te
    vinte ne gojen dhe ne vepren e Skenderbeut? Si do e
    kishte pershkruar rigjetjen e krishterimit prej tij
    dhe furine e shqiptareve mbi turqit e pafe? Asnje
    s`mund ta dije. Bile eshte e veshtire per ta marre
    edhe me mend. Ajo cfare mund te bejme eshte vetem te
    enderrojme, e te kenaqemi me shijen qe nje enderr e
    bukur te le kur zgjohesh ne mengjes. Ne fund te fundit
    edhe keto rrjeshta s`jane vecse nje enderr. Por nga
    ato qe shihen me sy hapur dhe ne mesin e nates.
    Imagjinata eshte me e rendesishme se sa njohuria
    Einstein

  4. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar Arbushi pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  5. #3

    nga Eni/p

    Enip
    Moderatore
    Posts: 1046
    (3/19/02 10:13:57 am)
    Reply Dhe Disraeli eshte marre me Skenderbeun!
    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Po ju sjell nje shkrim te Robert Elsiet qe flet mbi trajtimin e figures se heroit tone kombetar nga nje prej burrave te shtetit anglez, Benjamin Disraelit, por me nje gabim, ai e trajton ne librin e tij Skenderbeun, si hero grek dhe jo shqiptar, duke u nisur dhe nga fama qe i dha Greqise ne ato kohe Bajroni.

    --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


    2. Disraeli and Albania


    In his later years, Benjamin Disraeli came to play a major role in the search for a solution to the so-called Eastern Question. The Balkan Peninsula was already a powder keg and during these years of disintegration in the Ottoman Empire, it threatened to jeopardize the balance of power among the major political forces of Europe.

    The Russo-Turkish conflict had been dormant since the Crimean War (1853-1856). In 1877, however, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, ostensibly to protect the Christian subjects of the Porte, in particular the Orthodox Slavs of the Balkans, and by early 1878 her forces were at the very gates of Constantinople. The resulting Treaty of San Stefano of March 1878 was not recognized by the 'great powers' and was to be reviewed at the Congress of Berlin.
    Benjamin Disraeli, now Lord Beaconsfield, and Lord Salisbury (1830-1903) were chosen as English plenipotentiaries to the congress which convened on 13 June 1878. Their primary objective at this gathering of aging diplomats was to protect British interests in the great age of imperialism and, in particular, to check Russian influence and prevent the Czarist Empire from expanding into the Mediterranean either via Asia Minor or through the Balkans. In principle, Disraeli was thus in favour of the creation and strengthening of independent states in the Balkans. At the same time, although he had persuaded Turkey to cede Cyprus to Great Britain, he was not interested in the total annihilation of the Ottoman Empire since this would have created a power vacuum to the advantage of Czarist Russia and Austria-Hungary. In opposition to the Dreikaiserbund (Three Emperors' League), a tactical alliance of the three eastern European empires, Russia, Prussia and Austria-Hungary, Disraeli was determined to follow an independent foreign policy to defend British interests in Europe and the Middle East. As such, Great Britain had become the virtual protector of the Ottoman Empire on the international scene, just as it had been during the Crimean War.

    It is for this reason, among others, that the 19-page 'Memorandum of the Albanians'1 addressed to Lord Beaconsfield at the Congress of Berlin on 13 June 1878 fell on deaf ears. The complete collapse of Turkey in Europe was simply not in British interests. Although the atrocities committed by Turkish irregular forces two years earlier against Balkan Christians, the so-called Bulgarian Horrors, had caused a good deal of outrage and moral indignation in Britain and elsewhere in Western Europe, imperialist rivalry continued to blind the great powers, Great Britain in particular, to the aspirations of little Albania, a primarily Moslem country to boot.

    As opposed to her Balkan neighbours, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania, which had been declared independent, Albania gained nothing from the Congress of Berlin that year and would have to wait another half a century for independence, until after the definitive collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Though Disraeli himself was content at having brought home "peace with honour" from the Congress of Berlin, most of the peoples of the Balkans were bitterly dissatisfied by the conference. The Bulgarians had seen their country partitioned, the Romanians had lost southern Bessarabia, the Serbs were worried about Austro-Hungarian expansion into Bosnia-Hercegovina, the Greeks failed to gain any territory, and the Albanians received absolutely no concessions at all.

    Despite such overriding strategical interests, Disraeli was not unaware of the plight of the Albanians in the labyrinth of Balkan politics. Indeed he seems to have had a special attraction for Albania. He had, after all, visited the country himself almost half a century earlier.

    As a young man, after gaining initial fame as a writer with the novel Vivian Grey (1827), Benjamin Disraeli had decided, despite the financial disasters he had suffered, to take a grand tour of the Mediterranean and the Middle East, ostensibly for health reasons. This seventeen-month tour (from June 1830 to October 1831), which took him to Spain, Malta, Albania, Greece and the Middle East, proved to be one of the most formative experiences of his early years and one of the most vivid memories of his whole life.

    In early June 1830, Benjamin Disraeli in the company of William Meredith, a friend who was engaged to his beloved sister Sarah, set sail aboard the H.M.S. Messenger for Gibraltar and Spain. There they spent two months. In August of that year, he and Meredith met up in Malta with an old acquaintance, James Clay. Clay's renowned and moustached valet, Giovanni Battista Falcieri, known as Tita, who had once served Lord Byron (1788-1824), was to act as an interpreter for the trio in Greece. Disraeli reported home with characteristic enthusiasm, "Byron died in his arms, and his moustachios touch the earth. Withal mild as a lamb, tho'. He has two daggers always about his person2."

    Disraeli was fascinated by the exotic customs, landscapes and costumes of the Levant. Already known in England for his excessive dressing habits, he had a Byronic love of costumes and orientalia, delighting throughout the trip in clothing himself in the colourful garb of a Greek pirate or of an Ottoman vizier. In Malta, Meredith describes the man who was later to become Queen Victoria's Prime Minister as wearing:

    "a shirt entirely red, with silver studs as large as six- pences, green pantaloons with a velvet stripe down the sides, and a silk Albanian shawl with a long fringe of divers colours round his waist, red Turkish slippers, and to complete all his Spanish majo jacket covered with embroidery and ribbons."

    Towards the end of September 1830, the three men set sail on Clay's yacht for "the most beautiful island" of Corfu which they reached after a three-week passage. From there they intended to proceed to Janina (Iōannina), then the capital of southern Albania under Ottoman rule, which Lord Byron had visited in the days of Ali Pasha Tepelena (1741-1822), the so-called Lion of Janina.

    Byron had first opened up Albania to the English public with his long verse tale Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-1819) and Disraeli, with this work in mind, had hoped to follow Byron's tracks as he had done in Switzerland on an earlier tour with his London solicitor Benjamin Austen. But for all his love of Byron and of Greek pirate costumes, the romantic Disraeli sympathized more with the Turks than with the rebellious Greeks and Albanians. The English merchants he had met in Malta had also been of predominantly anti-Greek and pro-Turkish sentiment, in particular since their ships had been at the constant prey of Greek pirates. Their attitude confirmed Disraeli's pro-Turkish stance. In a letter to Benjamin Austen, Disraeli had noted that he had "had some thoughts, indeed had resolved to join the Turkish army as a volunteer in the Albanian war." Disraeli and his companions nonetheless arrived too late to prove their manly valour by taking part in the Grand Vizier's campaign against the rebels. The uprising had already been nipped in the bud. In August of 1830, Mehmed Reshid Pasha had journeyed to Monastir (Bitola) in order to proclaim a general amnesty to the rebellious Albanians. In the course of the celebrations marking the amnesty, to which the leading nobles of the country had been invited, his troops encircled and massacred five hundred chiefs and their families, thus exterminating virtually all the nobility of southern Albania in one fell swoop and with them, all Albanian resistance to Turkish rule.

    Disraeli's official pretext for the journey into the wilds of Albania was to deliver a letter to the Grand Vizier from Sir Frederick Adam, the British Governor of the Ionian Isles. Sir Frederick also gave him a "very warm letter" of recommendation for the British consul-general in Preveza on the Greek mainland. From Preveza, Disraeli and his companions set out on 14 October 1830 with their servants, including the renowned Tita, for the border town of Arta (Ambracia) which they reached after a day's journey. There they found accommodation at the British consulate. The once famed town of Ambracia, like most others in the region at the time, had been severely damaged in the fighting and lay in ruins. Disraeli reported, "I shall never forget the effect of the Muezzin, with his rich and solemn and sonorous voice, calling us to adore God in the midst of all this human havoc3." He and his companions paid a visit to the Albanian governor in Arta in order to ask for an additional escort on to Janina and departed with a sense of awe at having entered the divan of the Great Turk. The Albanian officers in the bey's household were described as "finely shaped men, with expressive countenances and spare forms." Disraeli delighted in particular in the Albanian costumes.

    "Their picturesque dress is celebrated, though, to view it with full effect, it should be seen upon an Albanian4... The long hair and the small cap, the crimson velvet vest and jacket, embroidered and embossed with golden patterns of the most elegant and flowing forms, the white and ample kilt, the ornamented buskins, and the belt full of silver-sheathed arms; it is difficult to find humanity in better plight."

    The bey granted them "a guard of Albanians" who like the rest were "armed to the teeth with daggers, pistols and guns, invariably richly ornamented, and sometimes entirely inlaid with silver, even the barrel." He also gave them a letter of recommendation for an Ottoman colonel stationed at a mountain khan where they would spend the next night "under the only roof which probably remained between Arta and Yanina.5" The colonel received them courteously but could not understand the Greek of their interpreter. The ice was broken when the party recalled that they had some brandy and "that we could offer our host a glass, as it might be a hint for what should follow to so vehement a schnaps." A "most capital supper" was eventually brought in and much more to drink.

    The party continued the next morning onward towards Janina, passing through a devastated countryside: razed villages, smouldering ruins of farmhouses, olive groves felled. "So complete had been the work of destruction that I often unexpectedly found my horse stumbling amid the foundations of a village, and what at first appeared the dry bed of a torrent often turned out to be the backbone of the skeleton of a ravaged town." Finally they reached the fabled city of Janina nestled in the mountains at the edge of a sparkling lake.

    "At a distance we first beheld it, this city once, if not the largest, one of the prosperous and the most brilliant in the Turkish dominions, still looked imposing; but when I entered, I soon found that all preceding desolation had only been preparative to the vast scene of destruction now before me. We proceeded through a street winding in its course, but of very great length to our quarters. Ruined houses, mosques with their tower only standing, streets utterly rased. These are nothing. We met great patches of ruin a mile square as if a swarm of locusts had had the power of desolating the works of man as well as those of God. The great heart of the city was a sea of ruin. Arches and pillars isolated and shattered, still here and there jutting forth, breaking the uniformity of the desolation, and turning the horrible into the picturesque. The great bazaar, itself a little Town, was burnt down only a few months since, when an infuriate band of Albanian soldiers heard of the destruction of their chiefs by the Grand Vizier6."

    Albanian warriors, horrified by the atrocious massacre which had taken place at Monastir, had indeed razed the great bazaar of Janina to the ground in revenge. Yet the city bustled with life. Disraeli had finally reached the Orient and was exhilarated by the atmosphere he encountered.

    "Military chieftains, clothed in the most brilliant colors and most showy furs, and attended by a cortege of officers equally splendid, continually passed us. Now, for the first time, a Dervish saluted me and now a Delhi with his high cap reined in his desperate steed, as the suite of some Pacha blocked up the turning of the street. The Albanian costume, too, is inexhaustible in its combinations, and Jews and Greek priests must not be forgotten. It seemed to me that my first day in Turkey had brought before me all the popular characteristics of which I had read, and which I expected I occasionally might see during a prolonged residence.7... I longed to write an eastern tale."

    Disraeli, who had bid farewell to his Albanian bodyguard and found accommodation at the house of a Greek physician, was overwhelmed. The next morning, after having delivered Sir Frederick's letter to the Grand Vizier's secretary, Disraeli, Clay and Meredith set out for the fortress, "greatly battered by successive sieges, but still inhabitable" for their audience with the Grand Vizier.

    The audience hall was "the finest thing of the kind I had ever seen... built by Ali Pacha purposely to receive the largest Gobelin carpet that was ever made, which belonged to the chief chamber in Versailles, and was sold to him in the French Revolution." Some of the details of this scene were later to be incorporated into Disraeli's novel The Rise of Iskander, as were the accompanying descriptions of Janina at the foot of "purple mountains of picturesque form". Indeed much of what Disraeli saw and experience in southern Albania was used in his writing, not only in The Rise of Iskander, but also in Contarini Fleming and The Wondrous Tale of Alroy.

    "Conceive a chamber of great dimensions, full of the choicest groups of an oriental population, each individual waiting by appointment for an audience, and probably about to wait for ever. It was a sea of turbans, and crimson shawls, and golden scarfs, and ornamented arms. I marked with curiosity the haughty Turk, stroking his beard, and waving his beads; the proud Albanian, strutting with his terragan, or cloak, dependent on one shoulder, and touching, with impatient fingers, his silver-sheathed arms; the olive- visaged Asiatic, with his enormous turban and flowing robes, gazing, half with wonder and half with contempt, at some scarlet colonel of the newly disciplined troops, in his gorgeous but awkward imitation of Frank uniforms; the Greek still servile, though no more a slave; the Nubian eunuch, and the Georgian page8."

    The three mylort inglez were then received in the audience hall by the Grand Vizier who offered them coffee and pipes.

    "Here I beheld, squatted up in a corner of the large divan, a little, ferocious-looking, shrivelled, care-worn man, plainly dressed, with a brow covered with wrinkles, and a countenance clouded with anxiety and thought... I seated myself on the divan of the Grand Vizier ('who', the Austrian consul observed, 'has destroyed in the course of the last three months', not in war, 'upwards of four thousand of my acquaintances') with the self-possession of a morning call. At a distance from the Grand Vizier, in a group on his left hand, were his secretary and his immediate suite. The end of the saloon was lined with lackeys in waiting, in crimson dresses, with long silver canes... We congratulated him on the pacification of Albania. He rejoined that the peace of the world was his only object, and the happiness of mankind his only wish: this went on for the usual time. He asked us no questions about ourselves or our country, as the Turks did, but seemed quite overwhelmed with business, and, although courteous, moody and anxious. While we were with him, three separate Tartars arrived with despatches. What a life! And what a slight chance for the gentlemen in the antechamber9!"

    Disraeli spent a 'wondrous week' in Janina with visits to military leaders and local dignitaries, and experienced scenes comparable 'to anything in The Arabian Nights'. In a letter written to Austen from Nauplia on 18 November 1830, he wrote of the delight he felt "at being made much of by a man who was daily decapitating half the province."

    From Janina, the party proceeded to Corinth, Athens and Constantinople and then on to the Middle East. Further adventures came to an abrupt end on 19 July 1831, however, when William Meredith died of smallpox in Cairo. It was a tragic loss for Disraeli who abandoned the tour and returned to England. He reached English soil by the end of October 1831, and was now about to embark upon another adventure: a double career as a politician and as a writer.


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    Disraeli the writer and 'The Rise of Iskander'


    Benjamin Disraeli was an imaginative and witty writer though he is not usually considered to have been among the sublime literary figures of his age. His best novels, Coningsby: or the New Generation (1844) and Sybil: or the Two Nations (1845), are entertaining and embody, as one might suspect of a statesman, his political creed: a mixture of social response to the misery created by the Industrial Revolution and of idealism and faith in the monarchy and the aristocracy to give proper leadership to the working class. Present in much of his work are a dash of adventure in foreign locales and a touch of oriental philosophy, the "great Asian mystery" which the author was wont to profess. It was Disraeli's tour of the East which proved to be decisive not only for his political thinking and his attitudes in foreign policy, but also for the Levantine atmosphere which comes to the fore in many of these novels and romances: Contarini Fleming: a psychological autobiography (1832), The Wondrous Tale of Alroy (1833), Tancred: or the New Crusade (1847), and Lothair (1870).

    A fine example of Levantine atmosphere was Disraeli's The Rise of Iskander (1833), a prose work based on the life of the Albanian prince and national hero George Castriota (Alb. Gjergj Kastrioti), better known as Scanderbeg (1405-146 .

    The Rise of Iskander is a short novel or novelette, 113 pages in the 1904 edition. It was most likely written in the southwestern English town of Bath in the winter of 1832-1833, two years after Disraeli's Albanian tour and was first published in London in 1833 together with the novel The Young Duke. The plot of the novel, which is divided into twenty-two chapters, may be summarized as follows:

    1.) The tale begins with a description of a noble stranger in Albanian dress on the Acropolis in Athens. It is the Turkish commander Iskander who has come to visit his youthful friend Nicaeus, Prince of Athens, before departing for war as the head of the Epirotes. A crypto-Christian, Iskander betrays to Nicaeus his abhorrence now at having for the first time to make war on his own religion and his own country. 2.) Iskander, the 'Grecian Prince' from Croia, capital city of Epirus, who as a child had been given over to the Sultan as a hostage and educated as a Moslem and warrior in Adrianople, must now prepare for the battle between the invading Christian forces under John Hunniades and the Turks under Karam bey. He bids farewell to his friend Nicaeus. 3.) Iskander, now at the Turkish camp near Mount Haemus, discusses battle plans with Karam bey. 4.) At night, Iskander disguises himself and slips over to the Christian camp to reveal himself to Hunniades. There he first meets the latter's fair daughter, Lady Iduna, who shows a marked interest in his presence. Iskander announces to Hunniades his unwillingness to fight Christian forces and his intention of defecting from the Turkish side. 5.) The battle scene during which Iskander calls upon his men, "All who love their country, follow me!" and, with his five thousand Epirote horsemen, abandons the battle and takes flight. 6.) Iskander returns to Croia which he takes by a ruse. The town is liberated to cries of "The Cross, The Cross! Liberty! Greece! Iskander and Epirus!" 7.) Word of the fall of Croia spreads. The castle of Petrella, too, is taken and all of Epirus is freed. Nicaeus arrives on the scene. The tragic news is announced of Lady Iduna's capture by the Turks. Nicaeus, obviously in love with Iduna, plots with Iskander to rescue Iduna from the Seraglio in Adrianople. 8.) Iskander, arranging for affairs in Epirus to be taken care of, announces his immediate departure. The two heroes reach Adrianople, Iskander dressed as an Armenian physician and Nicaeus at his side disguised as a page. Nicaeus reveals to Iskander his love for Iduna who is reported to be pining away in captivity. A reward of one hundred purses of gold is said to be offered to anyone who can cure her. 9.) Iskander presents himself to the Chief Eunuch with a bribe and offers to cure the captive lady. 10.) The eunuch introduces Iskander and Nicaeus into the Seraglio. The Armenian physician meets Iduna and reveals to her in Greek that he is acting on behalf of Nicaeus, Prince of Athens. She is to ready herself for escape. 11.) Mahomed, her captor, who has sworn to have the heart of Iduna and the head of Iskander before the new moon, meets the foreign physician. Iskander advises him to plunge his scimitar into the fountain of Kallista in Epirus at midnight and call out the name of the enemy he desires to meet. 12.) Iduna is rescued and the three escape on horseback. Iskander is now torn between his growing affection for Iduna and his friendship with Nicaeus. The party is pursued by the Turks. Iskander, finally revealing his identity to Iduna, remains behind at a three-arched bridge to fight off the pursuers, while his companions take flight into the mountains. Iskander defeats the Turks single-handedly. 13.) In a wild ravine, Nicaeus and Iduna find shelter in the cavern of an Eremite. Nicaeus resolves to have Iduna, by abduction if needs be. 14.) Nicaeus declares his love for Iduna and is rejected. 15.) Nicaeus and Iduna depart for Epirus and spend the night at the home of the former's friend Christo, the father of seven daughters. 16.) Nicaeus and Iduna carry on to a fair castle, said to be owned by one Justinian, and take quarters there. 17.) A feast scene. 18.) Nicaeus delays at the castle and tries in vain to please Iduna who wishes to proceed to find her father. The castle of Kallista overlooking the Ionian Sea proves to be Nicaeus' own, and Iduna is now his prisoner. 19.) Iduna escapes out of the window and flees at midnight to a fountain in a grove of olive trees. There to her horror, she comes upon Mahomed, plunging his sword into the water and calling out the name of Iskander. At this moment, Iskander and Hunniades rush forth from the wood to rescue Iduna. Mahomed and Iskander agree to do battle with their respective forces the following day. Iduna tells Iskander and her father of her second captivity. The repentant Nicaeus then arrives on the scene and is forgiven by Iduna and Iskander. 20.) An account of Iskander's earlier return to Croia and his endeavours to find Iduna and Nicaeus. The battle between the Christian forces and the Turks culminates in a Christian victory due in great part to the heroism of the Prince of Athens. 21.) Mahomed is routed and takes flight. The mortally wounded Nicaeus withdraws over a mountain pass to die in solitude at a Doric temple. 22.) Iskander receives the hand of the fair Iduna to jubilant cries of "God save Iskander, King of Epirus!"

    In The Rise of Iskander, Benjamin Disraeli has made use of the figure of Scanderbeg to create a melodramatic tale of adventure and romance very much to the tastes of the broad masses of the reading public in the early nineteenth century. The basic plot structure of the novel, more akin to the libretto of an eighteenth-century opera or an early silent movie, contained nothing particularly unusual for the reader such that the novel did not prove a great success. The periodical American Monthly Review noted briefly in the year of the novel's initial publication, "The story is pleasantly told, and is altogether the most unexceptional of any work of fiction from the author's pen that we have seen0."

    Although in his Home Letters Disraeli often referred to the Albanians and seemed to be fascinated by their physical presence and their martial ways, it is not without interest to note that Scanderbeg is portrayed in The Rise of Iskander not as an Albanian, but as a Grecian prince. Indeed the word Albanian occurs only once in the whole novel, in a early description of the hero's clothes: "He wore also a full white camese common among the Albanians." This is no particular surprise however since at the time the tale was written and in the years of Disraeli's visit to Epirus, half a century before the Albanian national awakening, cultural identity in the region was determined primarily by religion and not by ethnos. Anyone in the southern Balkans who was a Christian was a Greek and anyone of Moslem faith was a Turk. In this respect, Disraeli did not deviate far from formal conditions at the time.

    The Rise of Iskander makes no attempt to be historical nor in any way does it endeavour to paint a realistic picture of Scanderbeg's life. It is simply a sentimental tale in the form of a short novel, which makes use of the figure of Scanderbeg to provide the oriental backdrop, with requisite local colour and costumes which the author so loved.

    Though not one of Disraeli's major triumphs as a novelist, The Rise of Iskander was nonetheless much read by the British and American public in the nineteenth century. It went through many editions, among which: Philadelphia 1842, London 1871, Boston 1874, London 1881, Boston 1887, London 1888, London 1890-1891, Boston 1900, London 1900, London & New York 1904-1905, London & New York 1919, London 1926-1927, and New York 1927. It was also translated twice into Greek1 and once into Slovenian2. In the early twentieth century it began somewhat to disappear from view as tastes among the general public changed.


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    Trajtimi i figures se Kastriotit ne letersine angleze


    The historical figure of Scanderbeg and its occurrence in English literature


    George Castriota3 (1405-146 , now the Albanian national hero, stemmed from a family of landowners from the Dibėr region in northeastern Albania who were no doubt of mixed Albanian- Slavic ancestry. His father John Castriota (d. 1440) had initially submitted to Ottoman rule but, after the Battle of Ankara in 1402, declared his independence from the Turks, extending his influence from Dibėr through the Mati valley to the Adriatic. In 1410, despite his attempts to form an alliance with the Republic of Venice, he was forced once more to give way to the supremacy of the Sultan. As a pledge of his submission, John Castriota sent his sons, Stanisha, George and Constantine and perhaps one other, in ransom to the Sultan's court at Adrianople (Edirne) in 1423. It was here that George received military training, was converted to Islam and took the name Alexander (Iskander). The young Iskander also participated in military campaigns against the Christians, for which his father was obliged to beg the pardon of the Venetian senate in 1428. For his military valour, Iskander was awarded the title of bey (beg), thus the name Scanderbeg by which he was to be universally known. In 1438, having gained the confidence of Sultan Murad II (r. 1421-1451), he was appointed military commander of the fortress of Krujė (Croia), where he established initial contacts with Venice and Ragusa (Dubrovnik). In 1440 he was made Sandjak-bey of Dibėr. Scanderbeg's strength and popularity in his native region and the military success of the Hungarians under John Hunyadi (ca. 1385-1456) in their battles against the Turks convinced him that the time was ripe to abandon the Ottoman forces. An opportunity arose during the Battle of Nish in November 1443 when Turkish troops were in disarray after a Hungarian offensive. Scanderbeg, his nephew Hamza and 300 chosen horsemen abandoned Turkish forces and returned to Dibėr, whence they carried on to the fortress of Krujė. Within a matter of days, Scanderbeg had assembled his own Albanian forces for a general uprising. The fortresses of Petrela, south of Tiranė, and Svetigrad in Dibėr were soon taken by the Albanians. To consolidate his power, Scanderbeg formed alliances through marriage of the main ruling families of Albania. He himself married Andronika, daughter of Gjergj Arianiti (d. 1463), and his sister Mamica was given in marriage to Charles Musachi Thopia. On 2 March 1444, Scanderbeg convened an assembly of all important Albanian nobles at Alessio (Lezhė) during which it was decided to set up a standing army to counter an impending Turkish invasion. Scanderbeg was selected to head this force of about 15,000 men. A huge Turkish army soon flooded into Albania but was beaten back in Dibėr at the end of June 1444. In view of the superior strength of Turkish forces, Scanderbeg's troops made optimal use of the terrain for guerilla warfare. Two further Ottoman invasions were repelled, one in October 1445 on the Mokėr Plateau near Pogradec and a second in September 1446 in Dibėr. The following year, Scanderbeg's relations with the Republic of Venice deteriorated when the latter endeavoured to extend its influence into the region of Dagno (Danjė). The conflict led to two years of warfare with the Serenissima, forcing Scanderbeg to fight on two fronts. Although his troops managed to defeat the Turks at Oranik on 14 August 1448, he realized that he had to reach an agreement with Venice if he wished to carry on resistance. A peace treaty was concluded on 4 October 1448 under which Dagno and Drivast were abandoned to the Republic of Venice in exchange for the payment of 1,400 ducats of gold annually.

    In May 1450, Sultan Murad II arrived personally at Krujė and besieged the fortress for four and a half months. Although overwhelmingly outnumbered, the Albanians managed to resist Turkish forces and conferred a humiliating defeat upon the Sultan, who was obliged on 26 October to return to Adrianople empty-handed. Scanderbeg's victory over the Moslem hordes was widely acclaimed in the Christian world. Pope Nicholas V (r. 1447-1455), King Ladislaus V of Hungary (r. 1444-1457) and King Alfonso of Aragon-Naples (r. 1435-145 sent messages of congratulations and offered Scanderbeg their support. On 26 March 1451, Scanderbeg concluded an alliance with King Alfonso at Gaeta under which the former pledged allegiance to the latter. Catalonian troops were subsequently stationed at Krujė under the command of the Aragonese viceroy Ramon de Ortafa.

    Scanderbeg's position became somewhat more tenuous after the final Turkish conquest of Constantinople on 29 May 1453. Mehmed the Conqueror was determined to vanquish Albania in order to prepare an attack on Catholic Italy. Naples, the Church and Venice now came up with military and financial assistance. With Neapolitan help, Scanderbeg attempted to reconquer Berat in central Albania in 1455 but was forced back. The alliance of Albanian nobles cemented in Alessio in March 1444 also began to break up. The Dukagjini, Arianiti and Balsha dynasties withdrew their support and even Scanderbeg's commander Moisi Golemi and his nephew Hamza abandoned him. Scanderbeg nonetheless carried on and repulsed two Turkish invasions in 1456 and 1457. For his defence of Christendom against the Moslem hordes, Pope Calixtus II (r. 1455-145 awarded the Albanian warrior the title Atleta Christi.

    In 1458, Scanderbeg was summoned to Italy to fulfil his obligations as vassal under the treaty of Gaeta. Ferdinand I (r. 1458-1494), successor of Alfonso who had died on 27 June 1458, required assistance to defeat the rival house of Anjou which was endeavouring to take power in Naples. Scanderbeg arranged a three-year peace treaty with the Turks and proceeded to Italy with about 2,500 troops. In Barletta and Trani, he managed to defeat Ferdinand's main rival Giovanni Antonio Orsini, Prince of Taranto. After the campaign, some Albanian forces remained in Italy and established colonies in Calabria under one Demetrio Reres, colonies which constitute the first Arbėresh settlements. In 1462, Scanderbeg returned to Albania to discover that the Turks had once more invaded the country despite the treaty. He defeated no less than three Turkish military expeditions in 1462 before a new six-month peace treaty could be arranged in April 1463. It was in November of that year, during the cease-fire, that Pope Pius II (r. 1458-1464) declared a holy crusade on the infidels, absolving Scanderbeg of his obligations under the peace treaty with the Turks. The Pope died, however, on 15 August 1464, bringing the crusade to a sudden and inglorious conclusion. Scanderbeg now found himself faced with five successive Turkish invasions under the command of Balaban Pasha. All were successfully repulsed. In 1466, Sultan Mehmed II himself arrived in Albania with an army said to have comprised a total of 150,000 soldiers, and laid siege to Krujė. After two months of siege, the Sultan was force to return to Turkey and left his troops under the command of Balaban Pasha. He also had a new fortress built at Elbasan in central Albania on the Shkumbin river. Scanderbeg hastened to Rome and Naples to request assistance in his struggle against Turkish forces. In April 1467, he returned to Albania just in time to repel a renewed Turkish attack during which Balaban Pasha perished at the foot of the walls of the fortress. In July 1467, Mehmet II returned to Albania, this time with all of his forces, determined to bring Scanderbeg to his knees. The Albanian prince once more requested assistance from Venice and called for a new assembly of nobles in Alessio in January 1468. On 17 January 1468, however, before the assembly could convene, the heroic Scanderbeg died and resistance to the Turks soon collapsed. Albania was to return to Ottoman rule for another four and a half centuries.

    Scanderbeg had gathered quite a posthumous reputation in Western Europe in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. With virtually all of the Balkans under Ottoman rule and with the Turks at the very gates of Vienna in 1683, nothing could have captivated readers in the West more than an action-packed tale of heroic Christian resistance to the Moslem hordes. Books on the Albanian prince began to appear in Western Europe in the early sixteenth century.

    One of the earliest of these histories to have circulated in Western Europe about the heroic deeds of Scanderbeg was the Historia de vita et gestis Scanderbegi, Epirotarum Princeps (Rome ca. 1508- 1510), published a mere four decades after Scanderbeg's death. This 'History of the life and deeds of Scanderbeg, Prince of the Epirotes' was written by the Albanian historian Marinus Barletius Scodrensis (ca. 1450 - ca. 1512), known in Albanian as Marin Barleti, who after experiencing the Turkish occupation of his native Shkodėr at first hand, settled in Padua where he became rector of the parish church of St. Stephan. The work was widely read in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and was translated and/or adapted into a number of foreign language versions: German by Johann Pincianus (Augsburg 1533), Italian by Pietro Rocca (Venice 1554, 1560), Portuguese by Francisco D'Andrade (Lisbon 1567), Polish by Ciprian Bazylik (Brest-Litovsk 1569), French by Jaques De Lavardin, also known as Jacques Lavardin, Seigneur du Plessis-Bourrot (Paris 1576), and Spanish by Juan Ochoa de la Salde (Seville 1582). The English version, translated from the French of Jaques De Lavardin by one Zachary Jones Gentleman, was published at the end of the sixteenth century under the title, Historie of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albinie; containing his Famous Actes, his Noble Deedes of Armes and Memorable Victories against the Turkes for the Faith of Christ, London 1596.

    Another important work which increased the renown of Scanderbeg in Europe was the Commentario delle cose de' Turchi, Venice 1531 (Commentary on the affairs of the Turks) by Paulus Jovius (1483-1552), Bishop of Nocera. This was translated from a Latin version into English as A short treatise upon the Turke's Chronicles, London 1546.

    Among other works of this period dealing with the Albanian prince were: Polish author Martin Cromer's Oration of Arsanes agaynst Philip; of the Ambassadors of Venise against the Prince that vnder crafty league with Scanderbeg layd snares for Christendom and of Scanderbeg prayeng ayde of Christian Princes agaynst periurous murderying Mahumet, and agaynst the old false Christian Duke Mahumet's confederate, London 1560?; Andrea Cambini's Two very notable commentaries; the one of the originall of the Turcks and empire of the house of Ottomanno, written by Andrewe Cambine; and thother of the warres of the Turcke against George Scanderbeg, prince of Epiro, and of the great victories obteyned by the seyd George, aswellas against the Emperour of Turkie as other princes, and of his other rare force and vertues, worthye of memorye, London 1562; and Richard Knolles' The Generall Historie of the Turkes, London 1603.

    One year after the Turkish siege of Vienna (1683) which was overcome by Polish king John III Sobieski (r. 1674-1696), a book was published in London on the victorious monarch, comparing his deeds to those of Scanderbeg. This anonymous history was entitled: Scanderbeg redivivus. An historical account of the life and actions of the most victorious Prince John III (Sobiesky), king of Poland, London 1684.

    In the eighteenth century, we come upon yet another historical work on Scanderbeg, entitled: A brief account of the life and character of George Castriot, King of Epirus and Albania, commonly called Scanderbeg, London 1735. With the aid of such publications, the figure of Scanderbeg was kept very much alive in Europe in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries as a prime symbol of Christian resistance to the ever-expanding Ottoman Empire.

    Whether Benjamin Disraeli had access to or interest in any of these early histories of the life and times of Scanderbeg is uncertain. What is quite possible, however, is that he came upon references to the Albanian prince in essays by prominent seventeenth and eighteenth century statesmen and military leaders, such as diplomat and writer Sir William Temple (1628- 1699), who ranked Scanderbeg among the seven chieftains of history who had deserved, without obtaining, a crown4; essayist, poet and politician Joseph Addison (1672-1719); and General James Wolfe (1727-1759), commander of English forces at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in Quebec in 1759, who noted in a letter to Thomas Townshend on 18 July 1756: "he excels all the officers ancient and modern in the conduct of a small defensive army. I met him in the Turkish History but nowhere else5."

    It is reasonably certain that Benjamin Disraeli acquired most of his information on Scanderbeg from the writings of the influential British historian Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, London 1776- 1778, was, after all, the faithful companion of every genteel reader in early Victorian England and, in particular, of all travellers to the sunnier climes of the Mediterranean. Of Scanderbeg, Gibbon had written:

    "In the list of heroes, John Huniades and Scanderbeg are commonly associated, and they are both entitled to our notice, since their occupation of the Ottoman arms delayed the ruin of the Greek empire. John Castriot, the father of Scanderbeg, was the hereditary prince of a small district of Epirus or Albania, between the mountains and the Adriatic Sea. Unable to contend with the sultan's power, Castriot submitted to the hard conditions of peace and tribute: he delivered his four sons as the pledges of his fidelity; and the Christian youths, after receiving the mark of circumcision, were instructed in the Mahometan religion, and trained in the arms and arts of Turkish policy. The three elder brothers were confounded in the crowd of slaves; and the poison to which their deaths are ascribed cannot be verified or disproved by any positive evidence. Yet the suspicion is in a great measure removed by the kind and paternal treatment of George Castriot, the fourth brother, who, from his tender youth, displayed the strength and spirit of a soldier. The successive overthrow of a Tartar and two Persians, who carried a proud defiance to the Turkish court, recommended him to the favor of Amurath, and his Turkish appellation of Scanderbeg (Iskender beg), or the lord Alexander, is an indelible memorial of his glory and servitude. His father's principality was reduced into a province; but the loss was compensated by the rank and title of Sanjiak, a command of five thousand horses, and the prospect of the first dignities of the empire. He served with honor in the wars of Europe and Asia; and we may smile at the art or credulity of the historian, who supposes, that in every encounter he spared the Christians, while he fell with a thundering arm on his Mussulman foes. The glory of Huniades is without reproach: he fought in the defence of his religion and country; but the enemies who applaud the patriot, have branded his rival with the name of traitor and apostate. In the eyes of the Christians, the rebellion of Scanderbeg is justified by his father's wrongs, the ambiguous death of his three brothers, his own degradation, and the slavery of his country; and they adore the generous, though tardy, zeal, with which he asserted the faith and independence of his ancestors. But he had imbibed from his ninth year the doctrines of the Koran: he was ignorant of the Gospel; the religion of a soldier is determined by authority and habit; nor is it easy to conceive what new illumination at the age of forty could be poured into his soul. His motives would be less exposed to the suspicion of interest or revenge, had he broken his chain from the moment that he was sensible of its weight: but a long oblivion has surely impaired his original right; and every year of obedience and reward had cemented the mutual bond of the sultan and his subject. If Scanderbeg had long harbored the belief of Christianity and the intention of revolt, a worthy mind must condemn the base dissimulation, that could serve only to betray, that could promise only to be forsworn, that could actively join in the temporal and spiritual perdition of so many thousands of his unhappy brethren. Shall we praise a secret correspondence with Huniades, while he commanded the vanguard of the Turkish army? Shall we excuse the desertion of his standard, a treacherous desertion which abandoned the victory to the enemies of his benefactor? In the confusion of a defeat, the eye of Scanderbeg was fixed on the Reis Effendi, or principal secretary: with the dagger at his breast, he extorted a firman or patent for the government of Albania; and the murder of the guiltless scribe and his train prevented the consequences of an immediate discovery. With some bold companions, to whom he had revealed his design, he escaped in the night, by rapid marches, from the field of battle to his paternal mountains. The gates of Croya were opened to the royal mandate; and no sooner did he command the fortress, than George Castriot dropped the mask of dissimulation; abjured the prophet and the sultan, and proclaimed himself the avenger of his family and country. The names of religion and liberty provoked a general revolt: the Albanians, a martial race, were unanimous to live and die with their hereditary prince; and the Ottoman garrisons were indulged in the choice of martyrdom or baptism. In the assembly of the states of Epirus, Scanderbeg was elected general of the Turkish war; and each of the allies engaged to furnish his respective proportion of men and money. From these contributions, from his patrimonial estate, and from the valuable salt-pits of Selina, he drew an annual revenue of two hundred thousand ducats; and the entire sum, exempt from the demands of luxury, was strictly appropriated to the public use. His manners were popular; but his discipline was severe; and every superfluous vice was banished from his camp: his example strengthened his command; and under his conduct the Albanians were invincible in their own opinion and that of their enemies. The bravest adventurers of France and Germany were allured by his fame and retained in his service: his standing militia consisted of eight thousand horse and seven thousand foot: the horses were small, the men were active; but he viewed with a discerning eye the difficulties and resources of the mountains; and, at the blaze of the beacons, the whole nation was distributed in the strongest posts. With such unequal arms Scanderbeg resisted twenty- three years the powers of the Ottoman empire; and two conquerors, Amurath the Second, and his greater son, were repeatedly baffled by a rebel, whom they pursued with seeming contempt and implacable resentment. At the head of sixty thousand horse and forty thousand Janizaries, Amurath entered Albania: he might ravage the open country, occupy the defenceless towns, convert the churches into mosques, circumcise the Christian youths, and punish with death his adult and obstinate captives: but the conquests of the sultan were confined to the petty fortress of Sfetigrade; and the garrison, invincible to his arms, was oppressed by a paltry artifice and a superstitious scruple. Amurath retired with shame and loss from the walls of Croya, the castle and residence of the Castriots; the march, the siege, the retreat, were harassed by a vexatious, and almost invisible, adversary; and the disappointment might tend to imbitter, perhaps shorten, the last days of the sultan. In the fulness of conquest, Mahomet the Second still felt at his bosom this domestic thorn: his lieutenants were permitted to negotiate a truce; and the Albanian prince may justly be praised as a firm and able champion of his national independence. The enthusiasm of chivalry and religion has ranked him with the names of Alexander and Pyrrhus; nor would they blush to acknowledge their intrepid countryman: but his narrow dominion, and slender power, must leave him at an humble distance below the heroes of antiquity, who triumphed over the East and the Roman legions. His splendid achievements, the bashaws whom he encountered, the armies that he discomfited, and the three thousand Turks who were slain by his single hand, must be weighed in the scales of suspicious criticism. Agaian illiterate enemy, and in the dark solitude of Epirus, his partial biographers may safely indulge the latitude of romance: but their fictions are exposed by the light of Italian history; and they afford a strong presumption against their own truth, by a fabulous tale of his exploits, when he passed the Adriatic with eight hundred horse to the succor of the king of Naples. Without disparagement to his fame, they might have owned, that he was finally oppressed by the Ottoman powers: in his extreme danger he applied to Pope Pius the Second for a refuge in the ecclesiastical state; and his resources were almost exhausted, since Scanderbeg died a fugitive at Lissus, on the Venetian territory. His sepulchre was soon violated by the Turkish conquerors; but the Janizaries, who wore his bones encased in a bracelet, declared by this superstitious amulet their involuntary reverence for his valor. The instant ruin of his country may redound to the hero's glory; yet, had he balanced the consequences of submission and resistance, a patriot perhaps would have declined the unequal contest which must depend on the life and genius of one man. Scanderbeg might indeed be supported by the rational, although fallacious, hope, that the pope, the king of Naples, and the Venetian republic, would join in the defence of a free and Christian people, who guarded the sea-coast of the Adriatic, and the narrow passage from Greece to Italy. His infant son was saved from the national shipwreck; the Castriots were invested with a Neapolitan dukedom, and their blood continues to flow in the noblest families of the realm. A colony of Albanian fugitives obtained a settlement in Calabria, and they preserve at this day the language and manners of their ancestors6."

    As we have seen, Scanderbeg captivated the European reader initially as a figure of history and as a fine example of a military strategist. With time, the Albanian prince also came to serve as a modest source of inspiration for creative literature throughout Europe. We have for instance a sonnet on Scanderbeg by French poet Pierre de Ronsard (1524-1585); a 'comedia famosa' entitled El Principe Escanderberg by noted Spanish dramatist Lope de Vega (1562-1635); and at least three operas on the Scanderbeg theme, one of which by Venetian composer Antonio Vivaldi (1675- 1741)7. A good number of articles have been published, principally in the late nineteen sixties, dealing with the role of Scanderbeg in the various European literatures to which the interested reader may refer: Italian8, French9, English0, German1, Swedish2, Hungarian3, Russian and Ukrainian4, and Serbian5.

    The earliest literary references to Scanderbeg in English literature stem from the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. London-born poet Edmund Spenser (1552-1599) was first to publish an English sonnet on Scanderbeg. It appeared in preface of the above-mentioned translation Historie of George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albinie; containing his Famous Actes, his Noble Deedes of Armes and Memorable Victories against the Turkes for the Faith of Christ, London 1596. Of the Albanian hero, Spenser writes:

    "Wherefore doth vaine antiquitie so vaunt
    Her ancient monuments of mightie peeres,
    And old Heroes, which their world did daunt
    With their great deedes, and fild their childrens eares?

    Who, rapt with wonder of their famous praise,
    Admire their statues, their Colossoes great,
    Their rich triumphal Arcks which they did raise,
    Their huge Pyramids, which do heauen threat.

    Lo! one, whom later age hath brought to light,
    Matchable to the greatest of those great;
    Great both by name, and great in power and might,
    And meriting a meere triumphant seate.

    The scourge of Turkes, and plague of infidels,
    Thy acts, o Scanderbeg, this volume tels."


    To poet and dramatist Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) is attributed a play entitled The true historye of George Scanderbarge "as yt was lately playd by the right honorable the Earle of Oxenforde his servantes". This work was entered in the Stationers' Register on 3 July 1601 but it does not seem to have been published and is now unfortunately lost6. Evidence for Marlowe's authorship is tenuous, although the subject matter would certainly have appealed to him after the success of his two-part play Tamburlaine the Great, ca. 15877.

    Some brief and rather curious allusions to the name of the Albanian hero are to be found in other works of English theatre of the period. Scanderbeg sometimes appeared as a symbol of heroism and at other times was demoted to the figure of a ruffian. Dramatist Ben Jonson (1572-1637) referred for instance to a "Horson scander-bag rogue" in his comedy Every man in his humour (159 , I, iii, 22. Dramatist and pamphleteerist Thomas Dekker (ca. 1572-1632) referred to "Skellum Skanderbag" in his best play The shoemaker's holiday or the gentle craft. London dramatist James Shirley (1596-1666), for his part, introduced the figure of a Captain Squanderbeg in his Honoria and Mammon, IV, i, but also made reference to Scanderbeg as a warrior in his play The gentleman of Venice, III, i.

    In verse, cavalier poet Richard Lovelace (1618-165 evoked Scanderbeg, or more properly his bones, in a poem entitled To the genius of Mr John Hill, on his exact translation of Hierocles, his comments upon the golden verses of Pythagoras from the volume Lucasta, originally published in 1649. Legend had it that when the janissaries desecrated the tomb of Scanderbeg in Lezhė, they struggled to carry off pieces of the hero's bones to keep and wear them as amulets to protect them in battle:

    "That Soldier Conquest doubted not
    Who but one Splinter had of Castriot,
    And would assault ev'n death so strongly charmd
    And naked oppose rocks with this bone arm'd8"
    Poet and critic John Dryden (1631-1700) also refers to the talismanic powers of Scanderbeg's bones in Epistle to the Whigs, his preface to the 322-line poem The Medall. A satyre against sedition (London 1682), where he notes:

    "I believe, when he is dead, you will wear him in Thumb-Rings, as the Turks did Scanderbeg; as if there were virtue in his Bones to preserve you against Monarchy."

    In the early eighteenth century, the figure of Scanderbeg served as the subject matter for three English plays, all of them seemingly written within the space of five years. The first of these was the modest Scanderbeg or love and liberty, London 1747, by Thomas Whincop, which was based on Le grand Scanderbeg, Amsterdam 1688, by Mlle de la Roche Guilhem (ca. 1653-1710), an equally modest French novel which had been published in English in 1690 and 1721. Whincop was rector of St. Mary Abchurch in London and died in 1730. Three years later the 75-page Scanderbeg. A tragedy, London 1733, was published by William Havard (1710?-177 . This play was performed, it seems, with no success whatsoever at the Theatre in Goodman's Fields on 13 January 1735. The third and best of these classical tragedies on Scanderbeg was the 68-page The Christian hero by George Lillo9 (1693-1739). The Christian hero, published in London in 1635, was performed at the Royal Theatre in Drury Lane and was somewhat more entertaining that the previous two. There were various accusations of plagiarism made at the time, but the three playwrights do not seem to have copied from one another0. Scanderbeg had simply become fashionable as a subject for the stage.

    Of all English writers to have introduced Scanderbeg and Albania to the English-speaking public, none was more influential than Lord Byron (1788-1824). Byron was fascinated by Albania and the Albanians during his travels in the Mediterranean and indeed began to learn the Albanian language. He had not been uninfluenced by Gibbon's portrayal of the Albanian prince. In the lengthy poetic tale Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-1819), which Byron had begun writing while in Albania, Scanderbeg and his warrior nation are described in the following terms:

    "Land of Albania! where Iskander rose,
    Theme of the young, and beacon of the wise,
    And he his namesake, whose oft-baffled foes
    Shrunk from his deeds of chivalrous emprize:
    Land of Albania! let me bend mine eyes
    On thee, thou rugged nurse of savage men!
    The cross descends, thy minarets arise,
    And the pale crescent sparkles in the glen,
    Through many a cypress grove within each city's ken."

    Canto II, XXXVIII.

    "Fierce are Albania's children, yet they lack
    Not virtues, were those virtues more mature.
    Where is the foe that ever saw their back?
    Who can so well the toil of war endure?
    Their native fastnesses not more secure
    Than they in doubtful time of troublous need:
    Their wrath how deadly! but their friendship sure,
    When Gratitude or Valour bids them bleed
    Unshaken rushing on where'er their chief may lead."

    Canto II, LXV.

    The initial publication of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage took England by storm and there is no doubt that this work was of major inspiration to Benjamin Disraeli.

    Though the figure of Scanderbeg waned in post-Disraelian literature in England, it did crop up in the second half of the nineteenth century in the United States. The volume Tales of a wayside inn, Boston 1863, by popular New England poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882), contains a 173-line poem on Scanderbeg entitled The Spanish Jew's second tale, very much a period piece.

    Another book of the period inspired by the Albanian hero was 404-page novel The captain of Janizaries. A story of the times of Scanderbeg and the fall of Constantinople, New York 1886, by James Meeker Ludlow (1841-1932) who was no doubt influenced by the historical work George Castriot, surnamed Scanderbeg, King of Albania, New York 1850, by Clement Clarke Moore (1779-1863). Moore himself is better remembered as the author of the much- loved poem The Night before Christmas.





    me respekt, Enip.
    Imagjinata eshte me e rendesishme se sa njohuria
    Einstein

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  7. #4
    marre nga http://www.frosina.org/infobits/scander.shtml
    Fotografitė e Bashkėngjitura Fotografitė e Bashkėngjitura  
    Imagjinata eshte me e rendesishme se sa njohuria
    Einstein

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  9. #5
    I Djathtė
    Anėtarėsuar
    16-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Deutschland
    Postime
    713
    Ju lutem cojeni kete teme tek historia se nuk ka te beje me folklorin.
    Por sot, Shqypni, pa m'thuej si je?

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  11. #6
    po une desha te ve tregoj se si historia kthehet ne mitologji edhe mitologjia eshte pjese e folklorit ... tani per tani skam kohe ta bej ama.
    Imagjinata eshte me e rendesishme se sa njohuria
    Einstein

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  13. #7
    i/e regjistruar Maska e Rafaelo
    Anėtarėsuar
    23-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Boston
    Postime
    2

    Skenderbeu

    Se pari mirese u gjeta te gjitheve dhe desha te uroja stafin e alabasoul-it se kane bere nje pune te mberkullueshme.
    Jam futur ketu sepe desha prej ndonjerit nga ju nese di fjalimin qe ka dhene Skenderbeu ne Kruje kur erdhi nga Turqia? Ne qofte se e di ndonjeri ju lutem shkrueni pak ketu se me duhet per ne shkolle. Faleminderit

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  15. #8
    Kerko librin e Marin Barletit. Megjithse ka plot mutacione e egzagjerime, nuk ke ku gjen dicka me te perafert.
    • Mėndjen nė mėndje e zemrėn nė zemėr.


    • Tė mirėn bėje e hidhe nė det,
      po s'e diti peshku e di Zoti vetė.

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  17. #9
    i/e regjistruar Maska e Rafaelo
    Anėtarėsuar
    23-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Boston
    Postime
    2
    Te faleminderit o Sokol po ku ta gjej une librin ketu ne Boston? Shenden. Dhe qofsh me shendet.

  18. 2 antarėt mė poshtė falenderuan Rafaelo pėr mendimin e shprehur nė kėtė postim:

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  19. #10
    Pse o pak biblioteka keni aty. Ketu ne usa kane sistem fantastik shkembimi materialesh. Mund te kerkosh dicka edhe nga biblioteka e Harwardit po te duash, e nuk besoj te mos jete ndonje kopje zgeqeve te usa. Besoj se eshte dhe ne anglisht i botuar (me mutacione). Plus pastaj qe ke edhe shume studiues gjermane qe jane me reale se Braleti per Skenderbeun. Ik njehere ne biblioteken e shkolles tende e pyet nje punonjes aty si e ke hallin se te ndihmon me shume nga c'e mendon.
    • Mėndjen nė mėndje e zemrėn nė zemėr.


    • Tė mirėn bėje e hidhe nė det,
      po s'e diti peshku e di Zoti vetė.

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  21. #11
    I Love Tilonce Maska e AlbRoma
    Anėtarėsuar
    06-05-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Lezhė
    Postime
    95

    :(

    Tema e bukur po emri do te ishte me mire te ishte ne origjinal keshtu edhe veprat do i gjeje me lehte!

    Ju faleminderit!
    Shpresa vdes e fundit!

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  23. #12
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475

    Post Historia e Gjergj Kastriot Skenderbeut

    Mendova se do ishte mire ta postoja kete teme dhe qe eshte me rendesi te madhe

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  25. #13
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475
    pari autor i jetėshkrimit tė Skėnderbeut ka qenė Martin Barleti, i cili jetonte nė nji kohė me fatosin tone kombėtar. Barleti ishte nji prift katolik nga Shkodra qė pat rastin me njoftė disa nga prijėsit luftarak t'asaj kohe, tė cilėt I kallzuen gjithēka dinin mbi trimnit dhe fitoret e tė parit tė tyne, Gjergj Kastriotit. Ai kishte pasė gjithashtu mundėsin me studjue dokumentet zyrtare tė arkivit tė Venedikut, ku kishte shkue me jetue mbas pushtimit tė Shkodrės prej Turqve. Biografin e Skėnderbeut ai e shkrojti nė gjuhėn latine dhe e botoi nė Romė nė fillim tė shekullit tė XVI. Nji shekull ma vonė, G.Bienuni, nji prift italian nga Brescia, gjeti nji tjetėr biografi tė Skėnderbeut tė shkrojtun prej nji auktori anonim prej Tivari, tė cilin Imzot Fan Noli e pagėsoi Tivarasi. Dorėshkrimi origjinal i veprės sė Tivarasit, qė mbante datėn 1480, ka humbė pėrjetė dhe njifet vetėm nga referencat dhe citatat qė pėrmban libri i Biemmit "Istoria di Giorgio Castrioto Scander-Begh".

    Nji burim i tretė origjinal mbi jetėn e Skėnderbeut asht Gjin Muzaka, i cili ishte nga familja sunduese feodale e Beratit dhe luftoi krahpėrkrah me Skėnderbeun. Ai jetoi nė Shqipni edhe 11 vjet mbas vdekjes sė heroit t'onė dhe mandej u vendos nė Napoli. Atje shkrojti "Historin dhe trashėgimin brez mbas brezi tė familjes sė Muzakėve", ku kallzon historin e Skėnderbeut si nji gja qė ka dishmue ai vet.

    Nė shekullin e XIX, dijetarė tė kombėsive tė ndryshme, tue lanė menjianė veprat e shumta qė ishin shkruejtė gjatė dy shekujve tė maparshėm, u kthyen pėrsėri nė burimet origjinale qė ishin mbyllė nė

    arkivat e Vatikanit, Venedikut, Raguzės dhe Stambollit. Zbulimet e tyne kanė shtie nji dritė tė re mbi jetėn dhe veprat e Skėnderbeut. Disa e pėrmendin nė vepra tė pėrgjithėshme dhe fort tė gjata qė shkruejtėn mbi shekullin e zaptimit tė Balkanit nga Turqėt. Disa tė tjerė si Anglezi Clement Moors, Francezi Camille Paganel, Gjermani Z. Pisko, shkruejtėn biografi tė gjata tė Skėnderbeut. Por punėn ma tė madhe dhe ma tė vlefshme e bane eruditėt Thalloczy, Jireēek dhe Shufflay, tė cilėt mblodhėn sė bashku dhe botuen nji koleksion dokumentash qė pėrbajnė nji vepėr monumentale mbi Shqipnin e asaj kohe. Ma nė fund, iu erdhi radha Shqiptarve. Mbas luftės sė parė botnore, Imzot Fan Noli botoi "Historin e Skėnderbeut", e cila gėzoi menjiherė nji popularitet tė jashtėzakonshėm dhe u mėsue gadi pėrmendsh nga nxanėsit e shkollave nė atdheun e lirė. At Martin Sirdani mblodhi dhe botoi gojėdhanat e popullit mbi Skėnderbeun. Mė 1937 Thanas Gegaj i parashtroi Universitetit tė Louvain nė Belgjikė nji thezė doktorati nė gjuhėn frengjishte me titullin "L'Albanie et l'invasion turque au XVėme siėcle". Kjo u botue nė formė libri me shpenximet e Universitetit. Mbas luftės sė dytė botnore, pikėrisht mė 1947, Fan Noli botoi nji histori tė Skėnderbeut nė gjuhėn anglishte. Kjo asht nji vepėr shkencore e nji niveli shum tė naltė, sidomos pėr shėnimet kritike mbi veprat e auktorve tė shumtė qė kanė shkruejtė mbi Skėnderbeun, ashtu edhe mbi personalitetet dhe ngjarjet historike qė kanė pasė lidhje me epopėn tone kombėtare. Dobija ma e ēmueshme e kėsaj vepre qėndron nė orvatjen e auktorit me dallue faktet nga legjendat dhe paragjykimet. Mjerisht, tue dashtė me interpretue ngjarjet historike mbas theoris marksiste, Imzot Noli sikur mundohet me e futė Skėnderbeun nė kallėpin e nji shefi gueriljesh tė kohės sonė. Nga ana tjetėr tue dashtė me korrigjue nji tregim tė Barletit qė i duket i gabuem, ai jep nji versjon tė tijėn qė prish ndoshta nji legjendė, por nuk duket ma i bindėshėm.

    Sidoqoftė, unė nuk kam pasė, as mjetet, as kohėn me i studjue vet burimet origjinale. Prandaj e them menjiherė se ky kapitull asht bazue nė veprat e Imzot Fan Nolit dhe tė Thanas Gegajt me farė pak shtesa ose ndryshime nga burime tė tjera.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

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  27. #14
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475
    Kthimi ne Kruje
    Gjergj Kastrioti, qė muer famė me mbiemrin Skėnderbe, ishte djali ma i vogėl i Gjon Kastriotit, kryetari i nji prej familjeve princore ma tė fuqishme tė Shqipnis sė Mesme. Gjergj Kastrioti lindi nė Kruje mė 1405, mbas biografis sė Barletit, mė 1412 mbas mendimit tė Fan Nolit. Legjenda popullore, qė u thur mbas gojėdhanės, thotė se e ama, Princesha Vojsava, kur priste fėmijėn pa nė andėrr se i dha jetė nji dragoi qė ishte i madh sa e tanė Shqipnija dhe pėrpinte Turqėt me shumicė. Gjergji kishte, kur lindi, shenjėn e nji shpatė nė krahun e djathtė. Qė i vogėl ai tregoi nji interesim tė ēuditshėm pėr armėt e luftės dhe i pėlqente me luejtė si ushtar me vllaznit dhe me djemt e tjerė tė moshės sė tij.

    Mbas disfatės qė pėsoi nga dora e Turqve mė 1423, Gjon Kastrioti u detyrue me i dėrgue Sulltanit si peng tė katėr djemt e tij. Barleti shkruen se Gjergji ishte vetėm 6 vjeē. Kurse shifrat qė dhamė ma sipėr tregojnė se duhet tė kenė qenė 18, domethanė nji djal qė kuptonte nga bota dhe qė nuk mund tė asimilohej* krejt nė ambjentin e ri tė Oborrit tė Sulltanit. Biografėt ma tė vjetėr janė dakord se Skėnderbeu kaloi gadi 20 vjet si peng nė duert e Turqve para kthimit tė tij dramatik nė Krujė mė 1443. Domethanė se ishte nji burrė i pjekun 38 vjeē kur ngriti flamurin e luftės sė shenjtė kundėr shkelėsit otoman. Tue shkelė zotimin qė kishte dhanė, Sulltan Murati detyroi tė katėr djemt e Kastriotit tė pranojnė fėn muhamedane. Mandej, iu ndėrroi emnat tur quejtė Gjergjin Isqender-Bej, qė u kthye shqip nė Skėnderbe. Ky asht njė emėn simbolik qė iu dha Skėnderbeut pėr kujtim tė Lekės sė Madh, tue qenė se nuk ekziston ndėr emnat muslimane.

    Nė oborrin e Sulltanit Skėnderbeu u vue nė shkollėn e kadetve tė Pallatit. Pėrveē truqishtes ai mėsoi edhe disa gjuhė tė tjea dhe sidomos italishten. Arti i luftės zgjoi interesimin e tij ma tė madh. Porsa ishte nė moshė me pėrdorė armėt, ai u ēque nė lojnat ushtarake nė mes tė gjith vėrsnikve tė tij. Shpata ishte arma e tij ma e preferueme, dhe vrapimi maj kalit sporti qė i pėlqente ma tepėr. Nga pamja fizike ishte i gjatė, me nji trup tė derdhun prej statuje, me sy qė shkėlqenin nga gjallnija dhe zgjuetija dhe nji hijeshim burrnor tė mahnitshėm. Sulltan Muratit i kishte ba pėrshtypje shkathtėsia e tij mendore dhe mjeshtėrija e pėrsosun nė garat me armė. Ai e muer me simpathi dhe e la tė jetonte, ndėrsa vllaznit e tij duket se u mbytėn nė nji mėnyrė qė nuk dihet mirė.

    Skėnderbeu u ba komandant kavalerije nė ushtėrin otomane dhe muer pjesė nė disa luftra tė Sulltanit n'Evropė dhe n'Azi. "Nė rrethimin e nji fortese n'Anadoll, - shkruen Fan Noli, - Skėnderbeu, si Leka I Madh, u ngjit majė murit, ngriti sanxhakun dhe hyni i pari nė qytet". Mbas ēdo spedite Skėnderbeu kthehej ngadhnjyes dhe sillte n'Edrenė robėr dhe plaēkė pa masė. Fama e tij rritej dita-ditės; ushtėrija e adhuronte; komandantėt e tjerė e kishin zili.

    Ndėrsa Skėnderbeu ishte nė oborrin e Sulltanit, lufta kundėr Turqve vazhdonte akoma nė Shqipni. Sikur e pamė, mė 1432, Andreja Topija korri nji fitore tė madhe, e cila pat si pasojė nji kryengritje tė pėrgjithėshme prej Shkodre nė Gjinokastėr. Tri ushtėri tė tjera qė Sulltani dėrgoi kundėr Shqipnis tre vjet me radhė u shkatėrruen dhe u kthyen nė Edrenė pa e krye qėllimin. Suksesi ua shtoi guximin Shqiptarve, tė cilėt sulmuen garnizonin turk tė Gjinokastrės. Atėherė Sulltani dėrgoi nji ushtėri tė zgjedhun ndėn komandėn e Isak Beut nga Shkupi. Shqiptarėt u kapėn nė mes tė dy zjarreve dhe pėsuen nji disfatė tė plotė. Megjithatė, orvatja e Turqve me zaptue Beratin me 1438' u pėrpoq nė nji rezistencė shqiptare tė pathyeshme.

    Duket sikur Gjon Kastrioti kishte qendrue larg kėtyne luftrave tue respektue detyrimet qė kishte marrė kundrejt Sulltanit. Prapseprap, kur vdiq nė vitin 1443, Sulltan Murati nuk ia dijti pėr nder qėndrimin e tij korrekt dhe tė paanshėm, por aneksoi menjiherė principatėn e tij dhe dėrgoi nji guvernator turk nė kėshtjellėn e Krujės. Skėnderbeu, i cili kishte mbetė si I vetnu trashėgimtar i shtėpis sė Kastriotve, u helmue fort nga kjo pabesi. Ai u betue me vehte se nuk do tė linte qė kjo grabitje tė kalonte pa dėnim dhe se do tė ēkėpuste pronat e familjes nga thonjtė e uzurpatorit. Rastin e volitshėm pėr tė prue betimin e tij nė vend Skėnderbeu e gjeti mė 1443. Ai ishte tue marrė pjesė nė nji speditė ushtarake drejtue kundėr Kristianve t'Evropės, tė primun prej Vojvodės sė Hungaris, Jonash Hunjadi. Beteja ndėrmjet tė dy ushtėrive u zhvillue nė Konovicė afėr Nishit. Skėnderbeu, i cili komandonte nji krah tė ushtėris turke, pushoi sė luftuemi dhe Hunjadi duel fitues. Skėnderbeu, i cili kishte ba mend me u kthye nė atdhe pėr tė librue tokat arbnore, detyroi qatipin e Sulltanit me i dhanė nji ferman pėr guvernatorin e Krujės qė t'i dorzonte kėshtjellėn. Porsa mėrrijti nė Krujė, Gjergj Kastrioti u kthye nė fen e tė parve dhe proklamoi luftėn e shenjtė kundėr invaduesve muhamedan. Ky epizod dramatik i kthimit tė Skėnderbeut nė Krujė, asht pėrshkrue nė historin e Barletit dhe asht pėrjetsue nė vjershėn "Skanderbeg" tė poetit amerikan Longfellow. Peshkop Fan Noli shpall se epizodi i kthimit tė Skėnderbeut nė kėshtjellėn historike asht pjella e imagjinatės sė Barletit. Pikpamja e tij asht se, mbas kapitullimit tė Gjon Kastriotit, Skėnderbeu qėndroi pranė babes sė tij dhe vetėm kohėmbaskohe shkonte me luftue pėr Sulltanin nė krye tė nji fuqije shqiptare.

    Kėt thezė tė rė Imzot Fan Noli e zhvillon nė historin anglishte tė Skėnderbeut qė botoi mbas lufte. Po tė jet e vėrtetė kjo, atėherė del se Skėnderbeu nuk u muer peng nga Sulltan Murati. Kurse tė gjith auktorėt e asaj kohe thonė me siguri se Skėnderbeu kaloi disa yjet nė oborrin e Sulltanit. Vet Fan Noli nuk e mohon drejtpėrsėdrejti kėt fakt. Them fakt, sepse pėrdryshe nuk shpjegohet se si Gjergj Kastrioti muer mbiemnin Isqender dhe titullin bej qė ishte atėherė nji gradė nė hjerarkin e ushtėris otomane. Nji tjetėr pike qė mbetet e pashpjegueshme nė thezėn e Imzot N.olit asht se si Skėnderbeu kaloi njizet vjet nė Shqipni mbas mundjes sė Gjon Kastriotit dhe nuk muer pjesė nė luftrat qė u zhvilluen nė tokėn arbnore. 1 vetmi korrigjim me vėnd qė Fan Noli i ka ba historis sė Barletit asht se, kur u muer peng nga Sulltani, Skėnderbeu nuk ishte nji ēilimi i vogėl, por nji djal i rritun nė votrėn atnore, i cili kishte kuptue tragjedin e atdheut tė sulmuen dhe tė mposhtun nga nji fuqi e huej.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

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    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  29. #15
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475
    Skėnderbeu nė mes tė Turqve dhe Venedikut



    Mbasi ngriti flamurin kuq e zi mbi kėshtjellėn e Krujės dhe shpalli luftėn e shenjtė kundėr invaduesve mysliman, Skėnderbeu shtini nė dorė pikat e forta tė principatės sė Kastriotve ku Sulltani kishte vendosė garnizone ushtarake tė pėrhershme. Randėsin ma tė madhe nė mes tė tyne e kishte Stefigradi, nė kufinin linduer tė Shqipnisė, qė shėrbente si nji kullė vėshgimi pėr tė diktue afrimin e ordhive anmike, tė cilat aviteshin gjithnji nga ai drejtim. Tė gjith Turqėt dhe Shqiptarėt qė ishin kthye muhamedanė u ftuen tė pranojnė fen Kristjane. Ata qė refuzuen Skėnderbeu urdhnoi qė tė griheshin pa mėshirė. Kjo ishte e para gjakderdhje qė i dha shkėndijė luftės 25 vjeēare qė Skėnderbeu bani kundėr dy Sulltanve osmanlli. Nji valė e bujshme enthuzjasmi nė tanė Shqipnin shoqnoi kthimin e Skėnderbeut nė Krujė. Fama e tij si nji prijės i madh ushtarak kishte ra nė veshin e ēdo Shqiptari, malcor a fusharak, i madh a I vogėl, i pasun a i vorfėn. Kjo ishte arma e tij ma e fortė, mbasi ai kuptonte se nji bashkim i ngushtė i tė gjith Shqiptarve ishte i domosdoshėm pėr me iu ba ballė me sukses hyryshit tė ordhive turke qė nuk do tė vonoheshin mbas gjith atyne qė ndodhėn. Gjergj Kastrioti iu bani nji thime tė parve tė kombit pėr tė bashkue fuqit pėr nji qėllim dhe ndėn nji komandė tė vetme. Kushtrimi i tij u ndigjue dhe nji kuvend kombėtar u mblodh nė Llesh, qė ishte ndėn sundimin e Venedikut. Nė kuvėnd muerėn pjesė krenėt e familjeve ma tė fuqishme shqiptare, ndėr tė cilėt ma tė ēquemit ishin: Pal Dugjakini, Pjetėr Shpati, Gjergj Ballsha, Andrea Topija, Theodor Muzaka, ashtu edhe Stefan Cėrnojeviē i Malit tė Zi. Ata u mblodhėn mė 2 Mars 1444 nė kathedralėn e Shėn Kollit dhe formuen Lidhjen e Princave Shqiptar, tue zgjedhė njizanit Skėnderbeun si kryekomandant. Ēdo antar i Lidhjes rezervoi tė drejtėn me caktue numrin e ushtarve qė do t'epte si kontribut drejt qėllimit tė pėrbashkėt. Ndėrsa Skėnderbeu kishte likuidue garnizonet turke nė tokat e principatės sė Kastriotve, kėshtjella dhe qytete tė tjerė tė Shqipnis ndodheshin akoma ndėn okupatėn e anmikut. Kjo bahej sambas rregullave tė luftės mesjetare, kur nji prijės lokal, i cili kapitullonte pėrpara Sulltanit, detyrohej me pague nji haraē tė pėrvitshėm, me i dhanė peng nji a ma tepėr pjestarė tė familjes sė tij dhe me pranue vendosjen e nji garnizoni turk nė nji qytet ose kėshtjellė tė principatės sė tij. Kur Gjergj Kastrioti proklamoi luftėn e shenjtė kundėr Sulltan Muratit, garnizone turke kishte nė Vlonė, Kaninė, Gjinokastėr, Berat dhe Elbasan. Ndėrsa nė Shqipni u organizuen fuqit pėr ndeshjen supreme me nji anmik qė nuk dinte me u ndale, ne shtetet fqinj kishte marre fund gadi krejt ēdo rezistence e orgamzueme Qysh me 1389, Serbia ishte ba nji provincje otomane me Despotin Gjergj Brankoviē si vasal te Sulltamt, te cilit i ishte dhane dy djem si peng dhe te bijen si grue.



    Bullgaria kishte pushue me qene nji mbretni e pamvarun qysh me 1393, kur kryeqyteti i saj Ternova kishte ra ne duert e Turqve Stambolli vet ishte nji qytet gadi I rrethuem Nga Oborn i tij ne Edrene Sulltam i diktonte Perandont se ēfare politike me ndjeke Kur perandon Jani I Vin Paleologu zgjodhi si trashegimtar te mpin Kostandin, Sulltam u informue dhe ēfaqi pelqimin e tij Kostandinit, i cili u ba Perandori i fundit i Bizantit, ishte ne at kohe Despoti i Morės, ku memzi po qendronte ne fuqi, ndersa po e sulmomn Turqet nga nji ane dhe Pnncet latin te Greqis nga ana tjeter



    I vetmi udheheqes kristian qe luftonte kunder Turqve ishte Jan Hunjadi I Hungaris Ai kishte perkrah kandidaturen e Mbretit Ladislav i III te Polonis, me qene edhe mbret i Hungaris Mbas instalimit te
    tij ne fronin e Shen Stefanit, Ladislavi kishte emnue Hunjadin Vojvode te Transilvanis dhe komandant te forteses se Belgradit Pikerisht gjate nji lufte te Hunjadit kunder Turqve, Skenderbeu gjeti rastin, sikunder e pame ma nalt, me u kthye kunder Sulltanit.



    Boten Kristiane te Perendimit e perfaqesonte ne Shqipni Venediku qe okupcnte skelat e Tivarit, Ulqinit, Lleshit dhe Durresit Qysh diten e pare qe Turqet shkelen kambe n'Evrope, venedikasit filluen me ba nji politike me dy faqe mbas tradites se Dandolos, tue synue vetem e vetem mteresat e tyne egoiste Qendrimi I Republikes se Shen-Markut gjate Kuvendit te Lleshit ilustron ma se mirit ket politike oportuniste qe kishte per parim me i la duert kur punet shkonin keq.



    Venedikasit lejuen qe Kuvendi te mbahej ne toke te tyne per te dhane pershtypjen se ishin ne favor te luftes kunder Turqve Ata derguen observues per te pa se ē'u vendos gjate Kuvendit, por refuzuen me marre ndonji detyrim konkret per me lu ndihmue Shqiptarve Pa u trondite nga qendrimi i dyshimte I Venedikut, Skenderbeu u kthye ne Kruje dhe filloi menjehere pregatitjet ushtarake per sulmet nga lindja qe priteshin or'e cast.



    Sulltan Murati e priti lajmin e "dezerhmit" te Skenderbeut si nji ofeze personale qe duhej ndeshkue pa vonese. Ai ishte i bindun se nji spedite ushtarake nden komanden e gjeneralit te tij ma te zotin do te mjaftonte per te likuidue "rebelin Isqender" qe i kishte shpalle lufte me nji guxim te marre.



    Ne Qershor te vitit 1444 nji ushten turke prej 25 000 vetesh, shumica kalores, u nis nden gjeneralin Ali Pasha per me I dhane fund "rebelizmit" te Shqiptarve Por pa kalue shum kohe, Sulltan Murati muer haberin se ushteria e Ali Pashes ishte sulmue befas dhe shpartallue nga trimat e Skenderbeut ne nji lugine te Dibres se Poshtme Beteja, sado e shkurte, kishte qene e rrepte tue i shkaktue anmikut 7000 te vrame Nga ana e Shqiptarve te vramit ishin afro 2000 dhe po ai numur te plagosumsh Si thote Barleti, ne at shesh lufte luanet u ndeshen me luane Kjo fitore e pare e Skenderbeut pati nji oshetime te madhe ne mbare Evropen Knstiane Papa Eugjen i IV, Mbreti Ladislav i Hungans e Poloms dhe Duka i Burgonjes Filip le Bon e brohonten me enthuziasem NjI I derguem fuqiplote i Hungaris u nis per ne Kruje me lidhe nji aleance me mbretin pa kunore te Shqipnis. Rasti ma i pare per bashkepunim ne luftė tė forcave kristiane u paraqit para mbarimit tė vitit 1444. Jani Hunjadi dhe Mbreti Ladislav i III ishin tue luftue me Turqėt nė skelėn Varna tė Detit tė Zi. Skėnderbeu u ba gadi me u shkue nė ndihmė aleatve tė tij, mirpo Despoti I Sėrbis, Gjergj Brankoviē, ndaloi kalimin e ushtėris shqiptare nėpėr tokat e tij. Ai vuni si shkak armėpushimin pėr dhjet vjet qė ishte nėnshkrue nė mes tė Hungaris dhe Sulltanit nė Czegedin mė 12 Korrik 1444. Nė bazė tė atij traktati Murati i II i kishte njoftė si sundimtar nė principatėn e tij. Kurse i dėrguemi i Papės Kardinal Cesarini e kishte bindė mbretin Ladislav me e shkelė armėpushimin. Atėhere Polonija dhe Hungarija i shpallėn luftė Perandoris Otomane. Sulltan Murati, i cili ishte tėrheqė nga jeta aktive, u kthye me vrap nė Edrenė dhe muer komandėn e ushtėris turke. Beteja u zhvillue afėr Varnės. Armata Kristiane pėsoi nji disfatė dėrrmuese dhe Kardinali Cesarini bashkė me mbretin Ladislav mbetėn tė vramė nė sheshin e betejės. 1 pikėlluem nga pamundėsijė me mbajtė premtimin, Skėnderbeu i dha nji mėsim Despotit Brankoviē tue ba kėrdin nė tokat serbe pranė kufinit. Tė vetnut nė botėn kristiane t'Evropės qė e muerėn me sy tė keq fitoren e Skėnderbeut qenė Venedikasit. Ata u trembėn se mos Gjergj Kastrioti bahej prijės i gjith Kristianve tė Perėndimit dhe kėrcėnonte ma tepėr se vet Sulltani dallaverat dhe kombinacjonet* e tyre tregtare jo shum tė pastra. Pėr tė evitue nji gja tė tillė Doga I Venedikut filloi negocjata me Turqėt pėr tė shtie nė dorė Vlonėn dhe Gjinokastrėn. Sikur nuk mjaftoi kjo, Venedikasit gjetėn sebep nga njė pėrleshje ndėrmjet dy familjeve princore shqiptare pėr me I shpallė luftė Skėnderbeut, i cili iu dha nji dackė tė shėndoshė nė betejėn e Drinit mė 23 Korrik 1448. Doge i banė apel Sulltanit, i cili dėrgoi menjiherė nji armatė nė Shqipni. Kėsaj Skėnderbeu ia ndreqi hesapin nė gusht po t'atij viti. Nji paqe e mballosun u nėnshkrue vitin tjetėr, kurse pėr pak Venediku do tė kishte humbė tė gjitha posedimet e tij nė Shqipni. Skėnderbeu muer premtimin se Republika e Shėn Markut do t'i paguente nji subvencjon tė pėrvitshėm prej 1400 dukatė dhe nji hua prej 1500 dukatė pėr tė marrė pjesė me Hunjadin nė luftėn kundėr Turqve. Ky farė armėpushimi, jo shum I sigurtė, vazhdoi deri mė 1463 kur Venediku vet ishte nė luftė me Turqėt dhe, tue pasė nevojė pėr krahun e pathyeshėm tė Skėnderbeut, vrapoi me firmue nji aleancė me tė.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

  30. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar SUPERSTAR_N1 pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  31. #16
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475
    Aleanca me Mbretin e Napolit



    Prej vitit 1444 e tutje Sulltani dėrgoi mot pėr mot kundėr Skėnderbeut nji ushtėri turke ndėn komandėn e njanit apo tjetrit prej gjeneralve tė tij ma tė mirė. Te gjith u mundėn me nji rregullsi tė pagabueshme para se me mėrrijtė deri nė Krujė. Ma nė fund, mė 1450 Murati i II vendosi me u nisė vet nė krye tė ushtėris pėr me i hanger kryet kėtij kapiteni tė nji populli malcorėsh qė guxonte me i ba luftė sundimtarit ma tė fuqishėm t'asaj kohe. Kėshtu u ba rrethimi i parė i Krujės ndėn komandėn e vet Sulltanit tė perandoris Otomane. Ai kishte prue me vehte metalin pėr tė shkrie topa nė vėnd. Gjylet treqind kilshe ranė si breshėr kundėr mureve tė kėshtjellės, mbasi komandanti, kont Urani, refuzoi me pėrbuzje nji ultimatum* me u dorzue. Bombardimi i furishėm bani efektin dhe muri i kalas u ēpue nė nji vend. Yryshi I ushtėris turke me u futė mbrenda u ndal pėrpara murit tė krahnorve Shqiptare.



    Muej me radhė Sulltan Murati nxiti ushtarėt e tij me zaptue reduktin e fundit tė rezistencės shqiptare, por mė kot. Turqėt duhej tė mbronin vehten nga sulmet e trimave tė Skėnderbeut qė kishin zanė pozitė nė malet pėrmbi kėshtjellėn dhe nuk e linin anmikun tė merrte frymė, tė gruponte fuqit, tė sillte ushtėri dhe material dhe tė pregatiste mėsymjen. Nėrkaq, Venedikasit banin pare tue iu shitė Turqve ushqim dhe municjon. Nė dėshpėrim e sipėr, Skėnderbeu ofroi me iu dhanė Krujėn po tė vinin me i ndihmue atij nė vend qė me ndihmue anmikun. Por ata thanė se tregtija me Turqėt iu leverdiste ma tepėr. Prapseprap ndihma e venedikasve nuk e shpėtoi Sulltanin nga disfata. Mbas pes muej orvatjesh tė pafrytėshme Sulltan Murati ngriti rrethimin e Krujės dhe u kthye nė kryeqytetin e tij. "Kėshtu mbaroi, shkruen Falmrayer, - akti i parė i tragjedis shqiptare".



    Tue ndjekė gjurma-gjurmės Turqėt qė po tėrhiqeshin, Skėnderbeu u kthye triumfalisht nė Krujė. Ishte e para here qysh prej kohės sė Sulltan Osmanit, qė nji ushtėri turke thyhej nė luftė tue pasė nė krye vet shefin e Perandoris. Skėnderbeu muer famė si gjenerah ma i madh i botės kristiane. Ai kishte dalė fitues kundėr nji ushtėrije dhjet herė ma tė madhe dhe qė ishte pajosė me artilerin ma tė mirė t'asaj kohe. Triumfi i Shqiptarve kishte kunorėzue gjashtė vjet luftime tė parreshtuna, por humbjet nė njerėz ishin shum tė mėdha. Me mija Shqiptarė ishin vra nė luftė ose masakrue, shum krahina ishin shkretue nga anmiku qė tėrhiqej. Skėnderbeu kishte nevojė tė ngutėshme pėr ndihma, pėr me iu ba ballė sulmeve tė tjerė qė nuk kishin pėr tė vonue. Pikėrisht n'at kohė tė kritikėshme disa nga pjestarėt ma tė fuqishėm tė Lidhjes Shqiptare e lanė nė baltė fatosin kombėtar, tue dezertue kush nė Turqėt, kush me Venedikasit. Vetėm pjestarėt ma tė ngushtė tė familjes i qėndruen besnik Skėnderbeut. Gjergj Kastriotit nuk i mbetej rrugė tjetėr veēse me gjetė aleatė tė tjerė jashtė Shqipnis. Ai iu drejtue Mbretit tė Napolit, Alfonsit tė V, i cili ishte anmik I Osmanllive dhe i Venedikut. Kėsisoj, Italija e Jugut u pėrzie edhe nji herė nė historin e Shqipnis. Nė nji kapitull tė maparshėm kallzova se si Papa Urban i IV ftoi tė vėllan e mbretit tė Francės, Karlin Anjou (Anzhu), me i shkue nė ndihmė kundėr mbretit tė Siēiljes dhe Napolit, Manfred, qė ishte prej shtėpis mbretnore gjermane Hohenstaufen. Nė Kallnuer 1266, Papa Klement i IV, pasardhėsi i Urbanit tė IV, kunorzoi nė Bazilikėn* e Shėn-Pjetrit Karlin Anjou si mbret tė Siēiljes. Ai kishte ardhė n'Itali nė krye tė nji ushtėrije franceze, e cila mundi forcat mercenare tė Manfredit nė betejėn e Beneventos. Karli hyni triumfalisht nė Napoli dhe u suell si nji zaptues pa shkrupulla kundrejt popullatės vendase.



    Anmiqsija kundėr tij shkoi tue u shtue. Nė Siēilje, qė ishte qendra e rezistencės, u organizue nji komplot pėr tė prue nė fuqi nji nga nipat e mbretit Manfred. Ky ishte mbreti i Aragonės*, Don Pedro, i cili ishte martue me tė bijėn e trashėgimtaren e mbretit Manfred dhe ishte afrue me Perandorin e Bizantit, Mihail Paleologun, kundėr Karlit Anjou, i cili kishte dalė si eksponenti i dinanstis latine tė Stambollit. Sikur e pamė ma nalt, Karli kishte marrė titullin Mbret i Shqiptarve dhe po gatitej me debarkue nė Shqipni. Pikėrisht nė at kohė Don Pedro, me ndihmėn financjare tė Paleologut, kurdisi planin e nji spedite ushtarake kundėr Siēiljes, mirpo para se flota aragonase tė nisej prej Barēelonės, populli i Palermos bani vet nji kryengritje qė njifet nė histori si "Vesprat Siēiljane", mbasi ndodhi mė 31 Mars 1282.



    Duka I Palermos u ēue peshė tue pa nji grup francezėsh qė mundoheshin me rrėmbye nji nuse qė shkonte nė Kishėn e Santo-Spirito, jashtė mureve tė qytetit. Kupa e vuejtjeve dhe e poshtnimeve ishte mbushė deri nė buzė. Ata qė panė sqenėn e keqpėrdorimit tė nji vajze tė rė me duvak tė bardhė bėrtitėn "vdekje Francezve". I gjith qyteti vrapoi si nji sahat i kurdisun, kėshtjella u zaptue dhe para mbarimit tė ditės 2000 francezėt e Palermos ishin masakrue. Kryengritja u pėrhap nė krahina dhe, me pushtimin e Messinės mė 28 Prill, e gjith Siēilja ishte librue nga sundimi i huej. Tue pasė frikėn e nji kundėrsulmi hakmarrės tė Karlit Anjou, Siēiljanėt ftuen Don Pedron me marrė kunorėn si trashėgimtar i Manfredit. N'at mes, i biri i madh i Don Pedros, Jaku, hypi nė fronin e Aragonės, dhe ai dėrgoi tė vėllan Frederikun tė mbretnonte nė Siēilje. Dinastija Aragoneze mbajti vetėm kunorėn e Siēiljes gjatė tanė nji shekulli, ndėrsa dinastija e Karlit Anzhu vazhdonte me sundue mbretnin e Napolit. Mė 1421 mbretnesha e Napolit, Joanna e II, e cila nuk kishte fėmijė, adoptoi si trashėgimtar rnbretin Alfons t'Aragonės dhe Siēiljes. Por ndėn presjonin e Papės dhe tė princave t'Italis, ajo ndėrroi mendjen dhe preferoi Ludovikun e II-tė tė dinastis Angjevine. Mbasi ky i fundit vdiq para Joannės, ajo emnoi si trashėgimtar tė fronit vllan e tij, Renė de Provence. Por mbreti Alfons i Aragonės vazhdoi me e quejtė vehten trashėgimtar tė mbretnis sė Napolit dhe, mbas vdekjes sė Joannes, u nisė pėr me e shtie nė dorė. Halli asht se, tue dashtė me prue nė vėnd ambicjen e tij, Alfonsi ra nė luftė me Genovezėt, tė cilėt e zunė rob dhe e prunė nė Milano. Filipi, Duka i Milanos, u bind nga argumentat e Alfonsit se ishte marrėzi pėr tė me lidhė aleancė me Francezėt pėr tė prue dinastin Angjevine nė krye tė mbretnis sė Napolit. Kėshtu qė Filipi e la Alfonsin tė lirė dhe e ndihmoi me vazhdue luftėn. Kaluen gjashtė vjet lufte dhe pėrpjekjesh para se Alfonsi i V bashkoi pėrsėri mbretnit e Napolit dhe tė Siēiljes ndėn shpatėn e tij. Ky ishte Alfons Shpirtmadhi, tė cilit Skėnderbeu iu drejtue pėr ndihmė mbas fitores sė tij tė kushtueshme kundėr Sulltan Muratit. Nji traktat aleance u nėnshkrue nė Gaeta mė 26 Mars 1451. Mbas sistemit feodal t'asaj kohe, Skėnderbeu u proklamue sa pėr formė vasali i Alfonsit tė V dhe u angazhue t'i paguente nji shumė tė hollash vit pėr vit. Mbreti i Naplit, nga ana e tij, muer pėrsipėr t'i dėrgonte Lidhjes Shqiptare nji fuqi ushtarake tė caktueme dhe ndihmė financjare pėr tė vazhdue luftėn kundėr Osmanllive. Nė krye tė trupave aragoneze u emnue nji gjeneral luftėtar, i cili u vendos nė Krujė. Traktatin e nėnshkruen edhe princat shqiptar tė tjerė dhe Lidhja e Lleshit u riorganizue me Skėnderbeun si kryekomandant i kunorės sė Aragonės, me nji pensjon prej 1500 dukatė nė vit. Nji fuqi simbolike prej 100 ushtarėsh katalanė zuni vend nė kėshtjellėn e Krujės dhe qėndroi atje deri mbas vdekjes sė Skėnderbeut. Mbas ēdo fitoreje qė korrte kundėr Turqve, Skėnderbeu i dėrgonte Alfonsit nji pjesė tė
    plaēkės qė mbetej nė duert e Shqiptarve, por asnji haraē nė tė holla. Traktati I Gaetas ishte sajue si guri themeltar I kryqėzatės kundėr Sulltanit, tue ndjekė gjurmat e prijėsit norman Robert Guiscard . Por kjo ndėrmarrje dėshtoi dhe ushtėrija aragoneze nuk debarkoi nė Durrės. Skėnderbeu vazhdoi tė jet zot nė tokėn e vet dhe u trajtue nga mbreti i Napolit si aleat me tė drejta tė barabarta. Mjerisht, disa nga bashkėpuntorėt ma tė ngushtė tė Skėnderbeut e interpretuen traktatin e Gaetas si prammin e nji zgjedhe te huej. Intngat e anmikut nga Edrenja dhe te Venedikut shfrytzuen sa mujten ket vale pakenaqesije dhe Shqipnija u kercenue nga rrebeshi i vellavrasjes. Vendi i yne shpetoi nga kjo katastrofe* e tille me nderhymjen e Kryepeshkopit te Durresit Imzot Engjellit, i cili u ngarkue nga Papa Nikolla i V me pajtue grindjen ne mes te Shqiptarve.



    Viti 1451 u shenue me nji ngjarje te hareshme qe ishte martesa e Skenderbeut. Mbretnesha e Shqiptarve u ba Andronika ose Donika, e cila ishte e bija e Gjergj Arianitit, princit te Vlones dhe Kanines. Kjo mertese prum me vehte pajtimin e Skenderbeut me shtepin e Arianitve qe kishte marre anen e Venedikut mbas krizes se vitit 1450. Nusja pruni nji paje te ēmueshme mbi te cilen auktoret e asaj kohe nuk japin hollesina. Martesa politike e Skenderbeut bani disa te pakenaqun ne mes te krenve Shqiptar, dhe sidomos te kater djemt' e Arianitit, nipin e Skenderbeut Hamze Kastriotin, i cili ishte rtite ne fė muhamedane, dhe parin e Dukagjinit. Kta te fundit, Venediku mundohej me i nxite me nji menyre ose me nji tjeter, ta luftonin poziten e Gjergj Kastriotit si mbretin pa kunore te kombit Shqiptar. Kur u zbulue nji komplot per vrasien e Skenderbeut dhe dyshimi ra mbi Dukagjinet, Shqipnija ment u zhyte ne vllavrasje. Papa ngarkoi Peshkopin e Drishtit me prue pajtimin ne mes te pans shqiptare. Misjoni i tij u kunorzue me sukses kur Dukagjinet provuen se nuk kishin gisht ne komplot. Auktoret e vertete
    te komplotit nuk u zbuluen kurr ose emnat e tyne nuk u shpallen botmsht. E vetemja disfate serjoze qe pesoi Skenderbeu gjate karrjeres se tij ngadhnjimtare ishte ne rrethimin e Beratit te okupuem nga nji garnizon i ushteris turke. NJI kontigjent napoletan prej 200 vetesh ishte dergue per te forcue ushten e Skenderbeut pre) 12 000 trimash. Berati u rrethue nga te kater anet, u vune ne vepnim aparatet e atehershem per te rrafe muret e kalas dhe ma ne fund u ēel nji vend per kalimin e ushteris. Komandanti I garnizonit turk ofroi me u dorzue mbrenda 11 ditve po te mos i vinte den atehere ndonji ndihme nga jashte. Keshilli i luftes vendosi me e pranue ket dorzim me kushte. Skenderbeu la kampin e ushteris shqiptare dhe u nis per nji fushate tjeter. Kalimi i ditve te gjata pa asnji veprim ēthun disiplinen ne radhet e kreshnikeve te Kastriotit. Kur, pa prite e pa kujtue, 40.000 kalores Turq nden komanden e Isa Bej Evrenozit plakosen ushterin Shqiptare dhe grine me shpate sa muejten, tue mos lane gjalle as komandantin, Muzake Topija.



    Si rezultat i kesaj katastrofe, filluen dezertimet ne anen e armikut. Ai qe shkaktoi idhnimin, dhe asht e vertete me thane, pikllimin ma te madh ishte Moisiu I Dibres, gienerali ma i afte i Gjergj Kastriotit. Bashke me Moisin, u hudhen me Turqet edhe Hamze Kastrioti dhe dy Dukagjinet. Gjergj Araniti shkoi me Venedikasit. Gjin Muzaka i shpjegon kto dezertime tue thane se Skenderbeu kishte fillue politiken e centralizimit te shtetit, tue aneksue krahinat qe ata sundomn ne baze te sistemit feodal Gjergj Kastriotin e detyruen rrethanat historike me ndjeke at politike, mbasi ishte e vetemja menyre per me iu ba balle sulmeve turke. Densa Shqipnija ishte e ndame ne principata te vogla autonome, Skenderbeu ishte ne rrezik qe te mbetej vetem ne diten ma te keqe. Urtesija dhe larkpamja e herojt tone te pavdekshem u provue aty per aty kur Moisi Dibrani marshoi kunder Shqipnis ne krye te nji ushterije turke, e cila u derrmue para se te shkelte ne token arbnore.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

  32. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar SUPERSTAR_N1 pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  33. #17
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
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    Moisiu u kthye nė Krujė i penduem dhe i kėrkoi ndjesė prijėsit tė kombit. Skėnderbeu zemėrluani u tregue burrė shteti i vėrtetė dhe e fali dezertuesin qė i kishte ra ndėr kambė. Prej asaj kohe Moisiu luftoi trimnisht pėr kauzėn kombtare deri ditėn qė pėsoi vdekjen e martirit nga dora e anmikut.



    Gjergj Kastrioti muer hakun e disfatės sė Beratit mė 1457, kur Sulltani dėrgoi nji ushtėri prej 80.000 vetėsh pėr me i dhanė grushtin e vdekjes. Skėnderbeu manevroi nė mėnyrė qė t'u linte Turqve pėrshtypjen se nuk guxonte me iu dalė pėrpara dhe u vėrsul pėrmbi ta si shqiponja kur nuk e prisnin. Humbjet e anmikut besohet tė ken arrijtė 15.000 deri 30.000 tė vramė. Hamzė Kastrioti kishte ardhė me ushtėrin turke pėr me u ba sundimtar i Shqipnis ndėn hijen e Sulltanit. Ai u zue rob dhe u mbyll nė kėshtjellėn e Krujės. Skėnderbeu tregoi edhe nji herė shpirtmadhėsin e tij tue falė tradhėtin e tė nipit, tė cilin e kishte dashtė aq shumė. Mbas kėsaj fitorje tė rė qė habiti botėn, aq ma tepėr sepse ishte e papritun, Papa Kalikst i III emnoi Gjergj Kastriotin si kryekapedan tė Selis sė Shenjtė. Nė nji letėr drejtue Perandorit tė Gjermanis, Frederikut tė III, Shefi suprem* i Krishtenimit e cilson Skėnderbeun si luftėtar tė palodhun dhe si Ushtar tė Krishtit me krahun e pathyeshėm. Nė nji rast tjetėr, Papa Kalikst i III flet pėr "birin tonė tė shtrenjtė Skėnderbeun fisnik, mbretin e Shqipnis". Mė 1460 Gjergj Kastrioti pat rastin me I shpėrblye trashėgimtarit tė Alfonsit tė V, mbretit Ferdinand tė Napolit, ndihmėn bujare qė i kishte dhanė i ati. Alfons Shpirtmadhi vdiq me 1458 tue lanė si trashėgimtar Ferdinandin, birin e tij pa kunorė. Papa Kalikst i III, i cili ishte prej origjine spanjolle, e kishte marrė mbretin e Napolit nė gazep pėr shkak se ai nuk deshi me marrė pjesė nė Kryqzatėn kundėr Turqve dhe dėrgoi flotėn kundėr Gjenovezve. Anmiqsija e papajtueshme e Alfonsit e kishte nxitė Republikėn detare tė Gjenovės me u afrue me dinastin angjevine. Nė vitin e vdekjes sė Alfonsit, Gjon Anjou u proklamue mbreti protektor* i Gjenovės. Nji mot ma vonė ai organizoi speditėn ushtarake pėr tė zaptue Napolin. Lufta vazhdoi dy vjet por Napoli nuk ra nė duert e Gjonit. Megjithatė Ferdinandi nuk e ndjente vehten tė sigurtė mbi fron, mbasi ishte i kėrcėnuem nga baronėt feodal t'Italis sė Jugut. Papa Piu i II, i cili kishte zanė vendin e Kaliksit tė III, duel pėrkrahės i Ferdinandit dhe ftoi Gjergj Kastriotin me i ardhė nė ndihmė. Para se me u nisė pėr n'Itali, Skėnderbeu stabilizoi marrėdhanjet me Venedikun, tue nėnshkrue nji traktat aleance tė vėrtetė. Me porosin e Shenjtėris tė tij Piu i n, Kryepeshkopi i Durrėsit Imzot Pal Engjėlli bani pajtimin me Dukagjinėt. Ma nė fund, u nėnshkrue edhe nji armėpushim dy vjetėsh me Sulltan Muratin.



    Kur u bindė se Shqipnija ishte sigurue kundėr anmiqve tė jashtėm dhe ngatėrresave tė mbrendshme, Skėnderbeu bani pregatitjet pėr speditėn e Italis. Princi i Tarantos, i cili ishte nė krye tė lidhjes sė Baronve t'Italis, u mundue ta bante Skėnderbeun me heqė dorė nga kjo punė, tue i tregue se Ferdinandi nuk i kishte tė gjata si Mbret i Napolit. Skėnderbeu e kishte kuptue pozitėn e tij tė pashpresė, por nuk donte me lanė nė baltė nė ditėn e rrezikut trashėgimtarin e aleatit tė tij ma tė nderuem. 1 shkroi princit tė Tarantos pėr tė hudhė poshtė propozimet e tij dhe mbaroi tue thanė: "Jam mik i virtytit dhe nuk lakmoj begatin". Nė verėn e vitit 1461 Skėnderbeu u nis me det nė krye tė speditės shqiptare pėr nė Raguzė ku banonte nji koloni e fortė shqiptare. Senati i qytetit i bani nji pritje madhėshtore. Mbasi pushoi disa dit, Skėnderbeu u nis pėr nė Barletta, ku debarkoi me nji fuqi prej 3000 kalorėsh dhe ushtarė tė zgjedhun. Nėnkomandant I kėsaj fuqije ishte i nipi i Gjergj Kastriotit, Gjon Ballsha. Pozita e Ferdinandit ishte gadi e pashpresė. Pa bjerrun asnji minutė, Skėndebeu filloi veprimin pėr tė shpėtue Barletlėn qė kishin rrethue anmiqt e Ferdinandit me Princin e Tarantos nė krye. Me sulmin e vrullshėm tė fuqive shqiptare rrethimi i Barlettės u thye dhe Skėnderbeu bani kėrdin nė mes tė ushtėris anmike, ndėrsa ajo po tėrhiqej e demoralizueme. Shpejtėsia e rrufeshme e manevrimit dhe dora e sigurtė nė drejtimin e sulmeve I fituen Skėnderbeut admirimin e mahnitun tė gjith atyne qė e vėzhguen. "Emni dhe lajmi i ardhjes sė tij, - shkruen nji historian i asaj kohe, - jo vetėm qė shkatėrroi gjith planet e anmikut, por mbushi tanė Italin me famėn dhe ngadhnjimin e tij". Mirėnjoftja e mbretit Ferdinand nuk kishte ma kufi. Ai e quejti Skėnderbeun "Babė" dhe i dha nė posedim tė pėrhershėm Tranin dhe San Giovanni Rotondon n'Italin e Jugut. Fitoret e Gjergj Kastriotit nė Barletta dhe mandej nė Trani e kthyen fatin e luftės nė favor tė mbretit lė Napolit. Ushtėrija e Ferdinandit kaloi nė ofensivė dhe, ma nė fund, rezistenca e Baronėve t'Italis u dėrrmue. N'at kohė Skėnderbeu vrapoi me u kthye nė Shqipni, mbasi ishte dukė nė horizont rreziku i nji ofensive tė re turke.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

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    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  35. #18
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
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    475
    Karakteri i Skėnderbeut dhe cilsit e tij si prijės luftarak



    Gjergj Kastrioti ishte gadi 40 vjeē kur u ba prijėsi i kombit shqiptar nė luftėn kundėr invaduesit otoman. Fuqija e tij fizike dhe shkathtėsija mendore ishin nė kulm. I gjatė, i hijshėm, me shtat tė derdhun si nji statujė, me tipare tė skalituna dhe nji pamjf- madhėshtore, Skėnderbeut i kishte dhanė Zoti nji fuqi vigani dhe shpejtėsin e nji atleti te pėrsosun nė lėvizje. Ishte nji gjeni i lindun pėrsa i pėrket artit tė luftės dhe nji luftėtar I pashoq pėr trimnin dhe aftėsin e tij mė iu prie tė tjerve. Asnji armė lufte e atij shekulli nuk kishte sekrete pėr Skėnderbeun, por ai ēquhej sidomos nė pėrdorimin e shpatės sė tij tė gjatė dhe tė pėrkulun, nji shpatė qė ēdo njeri tjetėr memzi e ngrinte me tė dy duert. Mbasi ishte aq i fortė dhe I shėndoshė, i pėlqente me hangėr dhe me pi boll, por kėnaqej me pak orė gjumė, tue mos e pasė pėr gja me fjetė atje ku tė qėllonte. Dėfrimet e zakonshėm tė jetės nuk i interesonin fort dhe ai gjente prehje nė sportin e njeriut tė aksjonit si gjueti, vrapim kuejsh dhe ojnat ushtarake qė I ndihmonin me mbajtė trupin nė formė tė mirė dhe me ushqye burimet e energjis tė tij tė pashterueshme. Guximi i tij nė sheshin e luftės mund tė dukej krejt i ēmendun sikur tė mos ishte shoqnue nga gjakftotėsija dhe gjykinu i mprefet qė e vinin gjithmonė nė gjendje me e dominue situatėn dhe me sigurue fitoren. Hypun mbi kalin e tij tė bardhė dhe me shpatėn gadi pėr tė prė kryet e anmikut, Skėnderbeu u printe trimave shqiptar dhe ndodhej gjithnji nė vendin e rrezikut ma tė madh, tue pėrbuzė vdekjen me nji qetėsi shpirtnore qė nuk mund tė pėrfytyrohej. Kishte shpėtue gjallė gadi pėr nji fije kaq shpesh saqė njerzija kujtonin se ishte efekti i nji mrekullije tė Zotit. Skėnderbeu muer vetėm nji herė nji varrė nė shpatull, tue u rrėzue prej kalit ndėrsa e rrethuen trimat shqiptar. Mbrenda pak sekondave e mblodhi vehten dhe vazhdoi luftėn. Gjergj Kastrioti ishte i pamėshirshėm me anmiqtė por gjithmonė i gatshėm me falė ata qė i kishin ba keq dhe qė i kėrkonin ndjesė. Besa shqiptare ishte parimi i kodit tonė moral qė ai ēmonte ma tepėr, dhe nuk ishte punė qė t'i shmangej edhe sikur tė rrezikonte me bjerrė gjithēka. Nė pėrgjigjen qė i dėrgoi Princit tė Tarantos, i cili e ftonte me braktisė mbretin e Napolit nė fatin e tij, Skėnderbeu thoshte: "Na qė kemi pa kaq tė mira nga Naltmadhnija e Tij, i ndjeri mbret Alfons, do tė baheshim me turp dhe do tė na nxihej faqja si njerėz tė pabesė dhe pa mirėnjoftje sikur tė mos i shtrinim dorėn tė birit nė ditėn qė ka nevojė". Gjergj Kastrioti i kishte kushtue vehten liris dhe mirėqenjes sė popullit me nji vetmohim tė plotė. Qėllimi i tij ishte jo vetėm t'i mbronte nga sulmet e anmikut tė huej por edhe t'i bashkonte si nji komb tė pamvarun. Tue dashtė me veprue si nji prijės kombėtar dhe jo si nji shef feodal Skėnderbeu shkaktoi anmiqsin e disa nga krenėt ma tė fuqishėm tė Shqipnis, tė cilėt donin tė ushtronin nji pushtet absolut nė krahinat e tyne dhe nuk ngurruen tė dezertonin nė fazėn ma tė kritikėshme tė luftės kundėr Turqve. Gjergj Kastrioti ishte nji Katolik i divotshėm dhe i frymėzuem nga forca morale qė ngriti valėn e Kryqzatave nė shekujt e maparshėm. Nė ēdo rast tė jetės sė tij ai u mundue tė vepronte simbas urdhnave tė fes kristiane. Dėshiri i tij ma i flakėt ishte me fitue zemrat e njerzve me mirėsin, drejtėsin dhe bujarin e tij, se me i dominue me anė tė frikės dhe tė interesit material. Tue iu drejtue nji dit trimave shqiptar Skėnderbeu u tha (simbas tekstit tė Barletit pėrkthye nga Fan Noli):



    “Kapedanė dhe ushtarė trima". S'ėshtė as e re, as e papritun pamja qė kam sot pėrpara syve. Ashtu si ju kujtonja, ashtu ju gjeta, stėrnipėr tė thjeshtė tė njė race tė vjetėr dhe bujare, trima dhe besnikė tė patronditur tė vendit dhe tė mbretit tuaj. Edhe jam i lumtur tani qė mund t'ju hap zemrėn time. Ju thom pa u mburrur qė, sa kam rrojtur, kam patur gjithnjė kėtė mall pėr atdhenė dhe kėtė dėshirė pėr lirinė. Kur mė ftuat pėr kėtė vepėr nga shėrbimi I Sulltanit, kisha nė zemėr atė dėshirė qė kishit edhe Ju. Juve ndofta ju shkoi nga mėndja qė e kisha harruar vėndin, edhe nderin, edhe lirinė, kur ju ktheva prapa tė helmuar, pa ju dhėnė asnjė shpresė dhe pa ju treguar asnjė ndjenjė bujare dhe shpirtmadhe. Po unė sillesha me atė mėnyrė, se ashtu e deshte shpėtimi i juaj dhe i imi, se puna ish e tillė se duhej bėrė dhe jo thėnė, se e shikonja qė kishit mė tepėr nevojė pėr frė sesa pėr shtyrje. Jua fsheha planet e mia dhe s'jua ēfaqa dėshirėn qė kisha nė zemėr aq vjet, jo se s'u kisha besim, jo se s'jua dinja shpirtin, po se ju ishit tė parėt qė e hothtė zjarrin dhe u futtė nė kėtė valle; po se puna duhej mejtuar thellė, se duheshin gjetur mjetet, se duhej zgjedhur koha e mirė. Ndryshe do tė derdhej gjak mė kotė dhe pėrfundimi do t'ish nji robėri me e keqe se e para. Dhe ahere ēdo shpresė pėr tė nesėrmen fluturonte; se nji punė si kjo niset njiherė e mirė; dhe nė mos vaftė mbarė, rasja dhe mjetet pėr ta nisur ikin e s'kthehen kurrė prapė. Prandaj s'ja tregonja planin tim as vetes sime dhe ruhesha mos me shkiste gjuha dhe mė dėgjonin muret. Kam pėr dėshmor Hamzėn, tim nip, qė e kam pasur kėshilltar, pėrkrahės dhe shok armėsh, me ca tė tjerė tė pakė, me besnikėrin e tė cilve e vumė kėtė plan nė vepėrim. Tani, ndonėse rronim e hanim bashkė dhe kishim njė zemėr dhe njė shpirt, me gjithė kėtė asnjė nga kėta s'mė kish dėgjuar kurrė tė zė n'gojė atdhenė, lirinė dhe krishtėrimin, gjersa ardhi rasa nė betejė tė Nishit. Lirinė mund ta kishit fituar me trimėrinė tuaj nuk i mungojnė burrat, po ju pėlqeu ta prisni nga dora e ime, ndonėse vonė, se kėshtu ndofta desh vet i madhi Zot. Se ėshtė me tė vėrtetė ēudi qė trima kryelartė si ju, tė rritur nė liri, duruat kaq kohė robėrin e barbarve, duke pritur tė mė shikoni njė ditė nė krye tuaj. Po vallė, a e meritonj kėtė titull tė bukur tė ēlironjėsit qė kini mirėsinė tė mė jipni? Lirinė s'jua solla unė, po e gjeta kėtu, nė mes tuaj. Posa shkela kėmbėn kėtu, posa dėgjuat emrin, renttė qė tė gjithė, mė dualtė pėrpara kush e kush mė shpejtė, sikur t'ishin ngritur nga varret atėrit, vėllezėrit, bijtė tuaj, sikur tė kishte zbritė nga qielli vetė Perėndia. Mė prittė me aq dashuri dhe gėzim, mė sualltė aq shėrbime tė ēmuara e pa numėr, sa mė bėtė mė tepėr ju robin tuaj sesa unė tė lirė ju. Kėtė mbretėri, kėtė qytet nuk jua dhashė unė, po ju gjeta t'armatosur, lirinė e kishit kudo, nė krahėrore, nė ballė, nė shpata e nė ushtat; si gardjan besnikė t'emėruar prej tim eti, ja ma vutė mbi krye kėtė kunorė, ju ma dhatė nė dorė kėtė shpatė, ju mė bėtė zot tė kėsaj mbretėrije, tė cilėn ma ruajtėt me aq besė, me aqė kujdes, me aq mundime. Shpjermėni tani, me ndihmėn e perėndisė, qė ta ēlirojmė tėrė Shqipėrinė. Pjesėn mė tė madhe, pothuaj tėrė punėn, e mbaruat: Kruja dhe tėrė krahina e saj u fitua; Dibra dhe Malėsitė u bashkuan me ne; anmikut s'i mbeti as emėri, as shėnjat nė fushat tona; qėndrojnė vetėm fortesat. Kam shpresė t'i marrim edhe kėto me hir a me pahir, me dhelpėri a me trimėri, ndonėse garnizonet turke janė mė tė forta dhe kėshtjellat janė vendosur si shkėmbenj tė ashpėr dhe tė paafruarshėm. Armiku ėshtė i rrethuar, i dėshpėruar, dhe s'i kanė mbetur veēse muret e fortesave. Po pėr kėto do tė kėshillohemi e do tė pėrfundojmė mė nurė kur tė vemi nė vėnt e kur tė kemi armėt nė dorė dhe anmikun pėrpara, sesa tani pėr sė largu dhe pa ditur se ē'kemi pėrballė. Do tė nisim nga Petrela mė parė, jo se kjo ėshtė mė e lehtė pėr t'u fituar - pėrkundėr ėshtė njė fortesė prej natyre dhe ka njė garnizon tė fortė - po se ndodhet mė afėr kryeqytetit, dhe jam I sigurt qė lajma e mirė e ngjarjeve nė Krujė ua ka ngrirė gjakun armiqve. Tė tmerruar nga trimėrija e juaj dhe nga ēkatėrrimi I garnizonit tė Krujės, ndofta do tė na lėshojnė fortesėn mė tė mirė; nė mos, po do t'i shtrėngojmė tė na e japin me tė keq. Njė gjė vetėm duhet tė keni nėr mėnt: nė mos e marrshim Petrellėn, asnjė nga ne s' duhet tė kthehet prapė i gjallė. Ngrehni pra flamurin pėrpara, dhe rrėfehuni burra si ngahera. Perėndia, si gjer tani, ashtu edhe paskėtaj, do tė na ndilnmojė dhe do tė na nxjerrė faqebardhė. 0 Burrani!"
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

  36. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar SUPERSTAR_N1 pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

  37. #19
    SUPER [INC] Maska e SUPERSTAR_N1
    Anėtarėsuar
    25-04-2002
    Vendndodhja
    Tirane
    Postime
    475
    Kujdesja pėr ushtėrin ishte kasaveti ma i madh i Skėnderbeut. Ai dijti me pėrfitue nga eksperjenca e vet pranė Sulltanit, tue krijue nji ushtėri tė zgjedhun dhe tė pėrhershme mbas modelit tė Jeniēerve. Por ai nuk kishte nevojė me pėrdorė metodėn barbare tė grabitjes sė djemve tė mitun nga gjiu i familjes pėr me i mbyllė nė kazermat, mbasi ēdo Shqiptar lakmonte me shėrbye si ushtar i pėrhershėm i prijėsit t'adhuruem tė kombit. Kjo ushtėri kombtare, qė ishte rekrutue mbas listave tė hartueme nga Skėnderbeu vet, nuk kapėrcente tė dhjetmijėt. N'at kohė nuk kishte as kazerma dhe ushtarėt banonin nėpėr shtėpijat e tyne. Kur vinte lajmi se nji ushtėri turke po i afrohej kufinit epej kushtrimi nga kėshtjella e Krujės dhe trimat e Kastriotit vraponin nėpėr vendet qė iu ishin caktue. Kryetarėt e familjeve sunduese shqiptare, qė kishin aderue nė kombėtare nė krye tė forcave armate tė tyne. Por faktori vendimtar nė fitoret e Skėnderbeut ishte garda e tij personale, e cila pėrbahej nga dy a tre mijė kalorės. Kjo ishte e vetėmja armė qė mund t'iu bante ballė Turqve, tė cilėt ishin kalorės tė lindun. Tue pėrdorė taktikėn e sulmeve tė befta me trimat e hypun nė kuaj qė shkonin si vetėtima, Skėnderbeu shkaktonte rrėmujėn dhe panikun nė mes tė kambsoris anmike, qoftė nė marshim e sipėr, qoftė kur kishte rrethue nji kėshtjellė. Nė fushė tė hapėt ai manevronte nė mėnyrė qė me drejtue ushtėrin anmike nė nji tokė tė pėrshtatun, ku mund t'i vėrsulej me kalorėsit si shkaba dhe t'i grinte copė-copė. Gjithmonė nė ballė tė ushtėris gjatė kėtyne betejave legjendare, Gjergj Kastrioti korrte fitoren vetėm me prezencėn e tij, tue u futė tmerrin ushtarve t'anmikut. Turqėt kishin tė drejtė me i pasė frikėn, mbasi Skėnderbeu nuk njifte mėshirė kur ishte tue luftue. Kjo shpjegohet me faktin se anmiku ishte i tillė jo vetėm nga kombsija, por edhe nga feja, dhe kodi moral I Mesjetės nuk u vinte asnji kufizim kristjanve qė luftonin kundėr muhamedanve. Tue mos lypė nga tė tjerėt ma shum sesa ishte gadi tė bante vet, Skėnderbeu adhurohej nga ushtarėt e tij, tė cilėt I bindeshin me nji vetmohim tė plotė. Ai vet kujdesej mbas ēdo fitoreje qė seicili tė merrte pjesėn qė i takonte nga plaēka e zanun prej anmikut. Ai u epte shpėrblimin moral, qė ishte ma i ēmueshėm, atyne oficerve dhe ushtarve qė ishin dallue ma tepėr pėr guxim dhe trimni, tue i ftue nė tryezėn e tij dhe tue pi pėr shėndetin e tyne. Rrallė iu desht tė pėrdorte autoritetin e tij si kryetar kundrejt misave tė paris shqiptare, qė luftonin ndėn komandėn e tij pėr kauzėn kombtare. Ai imponohej gadi gjithnji me forcėn e karakterit tė tij, me gjykimin e pagabueshėm, me aftėsin e tij si mjeshtėr nė artin e luftės dhe me shembullin qė epte, t'ue dalė gjithmonė vet pėrpara. Por Gjergj Kastrioti nuk pėrbuzte kurr mendimin e prijėsve tė tjerė tė luftės kombėtare. Para ēdo beteje me randėsi ai mblidhte kėshillin e luftės qė pėrbahej nga gjeneralėt e ushtėris dhe pjestarėt e Lidhjes Shqiptare dhe vendosnin sė bashku planet strategjike mbas nji bisedimi tė hapėt dhe tė imtė. Nė rastin e rrethimit tė Beratit mė 1455, Skėnderbeu iu pėrulė vendimit tė shumicės me pranue ofertėn pėr armėpushim tė garnizonit turk megjithqė vet ishte i bindun se po bahej nji gabim fatal. Faktet e provuen se kishte pasė tė drejtė dhe Skėnderbeu e pagoi tue pėsue tė vetmen disfatė tė karrjerės sė tij. Fama e Gjergj Kastriotit ishte pėrhapė nė tanė botėn Kristiane. Ndėrsa mbretėn dhe krenė feodal t'Evropės ishin zhytė nė grindje dhe rivalitete personale sa mos me pa rrezikun qė kėrcėnonte mbarė Krishtenimin, shum 'njerėz tė thjeshtė tė atyne viseve ishin enthuzjasmue nga qindresa heroike e Shqiptarve ndėn udhėheqjen gjenjale tė fatosit kombtar. Shum qytetarė t'Evropės Kristiane, e tue pėrfshie edhe Anglezė, kishin vrapue nė kėshtjellėn e Krujės pėr tė luftue si ushtarė tė Gjergj Kastriotit. Nuk asht nji ekzagjerim me thanė se Skėnderbeu ishte nga klasa e heronjve legjendar, tė cilėt penda e Plutarkut i ka ba tė pavdekshėm. Kėsaj i duhet shtue se Skėnderbeu ishte pjestar i fundit i kėsaj falange qė nuk dinte se ē'asht frika dhe qė jetonte pėr tė luftue pėr idealin e liris dhe tė mirėn e nji populli qė e kishte zgjedhė si prijės. Merita e tij ma e madhe asht se ai jetoi nė praku i shoqnis moderne dhe se u frymzue nga feja kristiane. Gjatė nji ēerek shekull, ai luftoi pėr tė mos lanė qė Shqipnija dhe Gadishulli Balkanik tė ckeputeshin nga vathi I qytetnimit perendimor per disa shekuj.
    Sa te Rrosh Do Te Dashurosh! Juventus For Life!!

  38. #20
    Gezuar Kosoven e Pavarur Maska e dodoni
    Anėtarėsuar
    07-11-2002
    Postime
    3,393

    Gjergj Kastrioti-Skenderbeu

    Skenderbeu, botohet pas 50 viteve
    I jane dashur pak me shume se 50 vjet historianit Kristo Frasheri, per te bere nje nga punet me te medha te historise shqiptare. Vepra, me e plote kushtuar heroit kombetar Skenderbeut, prej pak ditesh, eshte ne duart e publikut shqiptar. E cila per here te pare na tregon sesi ka qene heroi yne i vertete. Duke hequr llustren e shekujve dhe duke dhene deri ne imtesi, pamjen dhe karakterin njerezor te heroit, shqiptaret kane mundesi qe per here te pare te gjykojne realisht per nje Skenderbe ndryshe

    Ben Andoni

    Gjeja me e zakonshme, qe mund te degjosh nga goja e shqiptareve, eshte nje histori per Skenderbeun. Ndoshta, kjo ka qene ajo qe e ka mbajtur aq te stakuar per vite me rradhe, historiografine shqiptare, per te mos 'u marre' realisht me figuren me te madhe perfaqesuese te vendit. Nderkohe, kjo nuk e pengoi historianin e njohur Kristo Frasherin, qe t'i kushtonte nje nga veprat e jetes se tij, kryeheroit te shqiptareve Skenderbeut. Botuar se fundi nga Akademia e Shkencave te Shqipqerise dhe "TOENA", publiku ka ne dore nje nga veprat me te kompletuar, te kohes drejtuar heroit kombetar. Dhe detyra e tij ishte titanike. Plot 50 vjet me pare, ai filloi te mendonte per vepren e jetes se tij, qe do te ishte studimi mbi jeten dhe vepren e Skenderbeut. "Ne ate kohe, ai nuk anoi,- flet autori ne veten e trete- as ne entuziasmin e tepruar te Budes per Barletin, as nga gjykimi i pameshirshem i Fr.Babinger per Biemmin". Dhe, autori ashtu si do te pranoje edhe vete shtrihet mes dy autoreve te njohur. Fillimisht per autorin ka qene e pamundur qe te punohej, pa pasur Barletin ne nje krah dhe Biemmin ne anen tjeter. "Por, me vone per ta shpetuar Heroin dhe luften epike te shek XV nga kritikat, qe u beheshin Barletit si panegjirik dhe Biemmi-t falsifikat, me lindi pyetja, nese mund te trajtohej nje histori e Skenderbeut dhe e epopese se shek XV, duke u mbeshtetur vetem ne burimet dokumentare bashkekohore, pa shfrytezuar dy biografet e diskutueshem".

    Autori ndryshe nga te gjithe paraardhesit u nis qe ne periudhen para Skenderbeut dhe vazhdoi me grumbullimin live te dokumentave pergjate te gjithe shekullit te 15-te. Per 50 vjet me rradhe, ai nuk nguron qe te shfletoje gjithshka, qe ka eren e vjetersise te shekullit te 15. Sepse sfida e autorit ishte ndryshe. Kete rruge pak a shume kishte bere Fan Noli dhe kishte mundur, qe me dokumentacionin e mbledhur te shqyrtonte tre rrethimet e Krujes. Qe mjaftonin per te ngritur ne piedestal heroin. Ndersa per profesor Frasherin perballja me Skenderbeun kishte te bente edhe me perpjekjet per te perballur skeptiket e ndryshem, qe lidheshin me historine dhe figuren e heroit tone. Dhe autori arriti te mblidhte nje pjese te madhe te dokumentacionit, per te ngritur nje ngrehine te shekullit te heroit, shekullit te XV. Materiali voluminoz u referohej akteve shqiptare dhe te huaja, perendimore dhe lindore te vjelura nga historine te ndryshem ne arkivat e Venedikut, Raguzes, Romes, Napolit, Milanos, Barcelones, Parisit, Ankarase dhe Stambollit. Ky material, per te plotesuar vertetesine eshte plotesuar edhe nga kronistet osmane, bizantine dhe italiane te shek XV. Ai permban edhe shume shkrime memoralistike dhe leterkembimi te Skenderbeut. Ishte Skenderbeu i lavderuar por edhe i share. Deshira e autorit eshte qe te botoje edhe nente vellimet me materialet dokumentare, qe do ndihmojne per sqarimin e figures se tij. Keshtuqe, Skenderbeu i Frasherit mbetet nje Skenderbe natyral, me te mirat dhe te keqiat e tij. Kjo, ndryshe nga paraardhesit, i pare ne te gjitha rrafshet: si burre shteti, si ligjvenes, si administrator, deri fizikisht. Historia e Frasherit fillon perpara vete Skenderbeut dhe mbyllet me te sotmen. Simbolikisht, kushdo ka gjetur tashme nje trase gati per te ardhmen.

    Merita e Profesor Frasherit eshte se per here te pare u mbeshtetet ne vepren e tij nga burime thjesht dokumentare. Kaq do te mjaftoje, qe Skenderbeu i Akademise se Shkencave te jete per te sqaruar dhe per te pastruar figuren e vertete te heroit kombetar.

    Cfare permban Vepra

    Shqiperia ne pragun e pushtimit osman; Pushtimi turk i Shqiperise; Nga ishin Kastriotet;Gjon Kastrioti dhe rinia e Skenderbeut; Nga statusi i vasalitetit ne rregjimin e timarit; Skenderbeu ne pragun e kryengritjes clirimtare; Kryengritja e pergjithshme; Kuvendi i Lezhes dhe Beteja e Torviollit; Skenderbeu ne lufte me turqit dhe me venedikasit; Rrethmi i pare, i dyte, i trete i Krujes; Formimi i shtetit shqiptar te pavarur; Flamuri i Skenderbeut; Kanunet e Skenderbeut; Kruja, kryeqyteti i shtetit te Skenderbeut; Skenderbeu si njeri; Portreti autentik i Skenderbeut; Marredhenie Nderkombetare te Skenderbeut; Sulltan Fatihu kunder Skenderbeut;Disfata e Beratit; Beteja e Ujebardhes; Armepushimi; Ekspedita ne Itali; Gjendja kulturore ne Shqiperi ne shekullin e XV; Marreveshje shqiptaro-venedikase; apogjeu i rezistences; Skenderbeu ne Rome dhe Napoli, Vdekja e Skenderbeut, Varri i Skenderbeut dhe vepra historike eSkenderbeut




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    23/02/2003
    Pershendetje
    Bashkimi ben fuqine
    Rrofshin Shqiptaret e Bashkuar dhe Shqiperia e Bashkuar

  39. Anetarėt mė poshtė kanė falenderuar dodoni pėr postimin:

    bsdev (03-03-2017)

Faqja 0 prej 22 FillimFillim 1210 ... FunditFundit

Tema tė Ngjashme

  1. Pėrgjigje: 109
    Postimi i Fundit: 30-11-2009, 05:18
  2. Historia kombtare
    Nga llokumi nė forumin Historia shqiptare
    Pėrgjigje: 3
    Postimi i Fundit: 14-02-2003, 20:51
  3. Major Gjergj Vata
    Nga Albo nė forumin Elita kombėtare
    Pėrgjigje: 0
    Postimi i Fundit: 21-12-2002, 20:31
  4. Gjergj Kastrioti-Skenderbeu
    Nga Kallmeti nė forumin Ēėshtja kombėtare
    Pėrgjigje: 0
    Postimi i Fundit: 17-08-2002, 14:58

Regullat e Postimit

  • Ju nuk mund tė hapni tema tė reja.
  • Ju nuk mund tė postoni nė tema.
  • Ju nuk mund tė bashkėngjitni skedarė.
  • Ju nuk mund tė ndryshoni postimet tuaja.
  •